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International Journal of Bioprinting Progress in bioprinted ear reconstruction
Table 2. Continued
Study Aim of study Study Animal Study focus 3D printing Components Printed Printed Cell nature/type Notable post- Assessment Findings Limitations and suggested
setting model (if technique shape material printing of success/ improvements
any) modifications integration
Dong et al. To determine the In vivo Rat Direct printing Extrusion (FDM) Scaffold only Other shape PLA Bone marrow Cells were cultured, Histopathology; • A combination of MSCs and chondrocytes The implantation of the
(2022) [48] minimum fraction animal ‐derived passaged, and then micro-CT scan was used to create cartilage that demonstrated constructs in nude rats,
of human auricular mesenchymal stem slowly injected into consistent mechanical function, even when which manifest different
chondrocyte required cells the scaffolds and the ratio of MSCs to chondrocytes was high. skin characteristics from
to form healthy elastic gelled at 37°C for 1 • When chondrocytes made up only 10% of humans (e.g. looseness
cartilage when co‐cultured h. Cell‐loaded the initial cell population, the resulting tissue of rodent skin does
with human MSCs. constructs were had characteristics similar to native elastic not simulate the high
then cultured cartilage in terms of both biomechanics and pressure caused by
overnight biochemistry. implantation under the
before • Co-implantation of a small number of tight scalp), as well as
implantation. chondrocytes with MSCs in a type I collagen significant differences in
matrix resulted in the production of cartilage immunocompetency.
that was indistinguishable from native
auricular cartilage after 6 months in vivo.
• It is not yet clear if the more efficient cartilage
formation observed in this study is due
to the differentiation of MSCs toward a
chondrogenic lineage, a trophic effect of the
MSCs, or a combination of both, but this is
the subject of ongoing research.
• The use of a small number of chondrocytes
could be an important step toward the clinical
translation of auricular tissue engineering due
to the limited availability of auricular cartilage
donor tissue.
Park et al. To apply 3D cell printing In vivo Rabbit Direct printing Multi-head tissue/ Cells in bioink + Other shape PCL Primary Incubated at 37℃ Histopathology; • A multi-head tissue/organ building system Small sample
(2017) [49] to fabricate a tissue- animal organ building scaffold printed chondrocytes from for 1 h. Fabricated mechanical can successfully be used to 3D-print a
engineered graft, and system (extrusion) together; scaffold the New Zealand CSHS was testing; electron cell-printed structure (CPS) using layers of
evaluate its effects on printed first and white rabbit crosslinked using microscopy alginate bio-ink encapsulating chondrocytes
cartilage reconstruction. then seeded with CaCl . Washed and PCL.
2
cells with PBS thrice. • The CPS was found to have a higher efficiency
Then chondrocytes of cellular settlement, improved survival and
were seeded onto function of chondrocytes in vitro compared to
the CSHS with the a cell-seeded scaffold (CSS).
same cell density • When implanted in a rabbit ear with a
with CSS. cartilage defect, the CPS led to complete
cartilage regeneration after 3 months, while
the CSS and autologous cartilage only led to
incomplete healing.
• These results suggest that 3D printing
synthetic polymer scaffolds with hydrogel
materials and cells can be a viable alternative
to using autologous cartilage for auricular
reconstruction.
Jia et al. To create and test a proper In vitro; Mice Indirect Cast-molding Scaffold printed Resembling Other: Goat chondrocyte A cell suspension Histopathology; • The scaffold showed excellent Important unknowns
(2020) [25] scaffold created with ACM in vivo printing and freeze-drying first and then pinna; other ACM/ seeding was seeded into electron biocompatibility and successfully regenerated remain, including how
with precise human- animal mixture seeded with cells shape gelatin-PCL each scaffold. This microscopy human-ear-shaped cartilage that retained a best to optimize scaffold
ear-shape and necessary scaffold was followed by 24 satisfactory shape, good elasticity, abundant preparation, evaluation
mechanical strength h of incubation lacuna structure, and cartilage-specific ECM of scaffold biosafety, and
that will elicit a low deposition. the feasibility of human-
inflammatory reaction. • Cell seeding efficiency in both ACM/gelatin ear-shaped cartilage
and gelatin scaffolds was more than 90%, regeneration in large
which was significantly superior than that of animals.
PGA/PLA scaffolds.
Volume 9 Issue 6 (2023) 296 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijb.0898
