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International Journal of Bioprinting Bioprinting cell-laden protein-based hydrogel

Figure 3. (A) (i) The content of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), (ii) alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and (iii) gene expression of collagen type I–
alpha-II associated with the printed constructs after cultivation in the osteogenic media at days 1, 7, 14, and 28. (iv) Mineral volume related to the
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bioprinted scaffolds from days 7 to 42 ( p < 0.05, p < 0.01, and p < 0.005). Reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International (CC BY 4.0) license [114] . Copyright 2020, Elsevier. (B) The schematic presentation of the cross-linked alginate dialdehyde/gelatin/FS particles
bioprinted scaffold including preosteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells. Reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC
BY 4.0) license [137] . Copyright 2023, IOP Publishing Ltd. (C) The hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) images of the (i, ii) GelMA and (iii, iv) silk fibroin/gelatin
bioprinted constructs on day 21 (scale bars: 100 and 20 μm). Reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY
4.0) license [138] . Copyright 2023, IOP Publishing Ltd. (D) The cartilage tissue in rat models of two experimental groups (objective lens × 20 and scale bar:
100 µm). (i–iv) The first group (MSCs only), 2 weeks. (v–viii) The second group (decellularized ECM granules + MSCs), 2 weeks. (i, v) H&E staining; (ii, vi)
proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) staining; (iii, vii) immunohistochemical staining for collagen type II; (iv, viii) Alcian blue staining. Reproduced
under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license [154] . Copyright 2022, MDPI.
structure, presence of GFs and signaling molecules, as well pay meticulous attention to the RGD or MMP sequences
as cell signaling impact cell properties like cellular survival, proteins possess, GFs or other signaling molecules
adhesion, differentiation, and ECM formation, to name a (exosomes, DNA, miRNA, cytokines, bioceramics, and
few. To achieve the best cell-related results, scholars must bioactive polymers) that can be introduced based on the

Volume 9 Issue 6 (2023) 479 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijb.1089