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International Journal of Bioprinting 3D-printed microstructure for bacteriostasis

Figure 4. Precise modulation of microstructural morphology using two-photon polymerization 3D printing to study the key parameters affecting the
bacterial inhibitory effect. The microstructural parameters: pore diameters (D) of 2, 3, and 4 μm. (a) 3D printing can precisely adjust the microstructure
parameters. Scale bar: 20 and 10 μm (inset). (b) SEM image of bacterial proliferation on the surface of 3D-printed micropores for 24 h. Scale bar: 10 μm.
(c) Proliferation of bacteria (green fluorescence-labeled) on the printed microporous structures with different parameters for 24 h. Scale bar: 30 μm. (d)
The total area of the substrate occupied by the proliferating bacteria on the microporous structures with different parameters for 24 h. Data are expressed
as mean ± SD. n = 3; one-way ANOVA; ns, no significance; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001. Abbreviation: SEM, scanning electron microscopy.

corrosion, immunity and environmental sustainability, chemical inhibition is not involved in this inhibitory
and contributing to a range of diseases. 36–40 Several studies process. Bandara et al. suggested that membrane damage
49
have found that some plant and animal surfaces have to bacteria is achieved through strong adhesion between the
inherent antimicrobial capacity, due to the micro- and nanopillar and the bacterial extracellular polysaccharide
nano-structures on their surfaces. 41,42 In order to further substance (EPS) layer. However, Linklater et al. found
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explore the key factors and mechanisms of microstructure- that EPS did not play a role in the mechanical bactericidal
induced antimicrobial effects, a processing technology that action on the surface of the nanopillar by labeling the
can precisely fabricate specific surface microstructures companion bean globulin using a label-tracking method.
and accurately control the microstructural parameters is They also obtained black silicon surfaces with different
urgently required. morphologies and heights of microstructures by plasma
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3D printing has emerged as a versatile and favorable etching silicon wafers and found that the different surfaces
platform for manufacturing a wide range of products with of microstructures exhibited similar killing efficiencies
elaborate structures. 43,44 Two-photon polymerization 3D against both Pseudomonas aeruginosa and S. aureus cells.
printing has been demonstrated to have many advantages However, limited by the etching technique, they could
in the precise printing of microstructures on a variety of not precisely regulate other parameters of the nanopillars
surfaces as well as in the regulation of microstructural such as length, width, and spacing. This problem can be
morphology, such as mild printing conditions, applicability easily resolved by the two-photon polymerization 3D
to a wide range of material surfaces, and precise control of printing technique. Our study highlights the potential
morphology parameters. The strategy of replicating bionic of two-photon polymerization 3D printing technology
inhibitory microstructures on the surface of objects based as an advanced fabrication technique for developing
on two-photon polymerization 3D printing shows great bacteriostatic micro-nano structures. By enabling precise
promise for application. 32,45 control over microstructural parameters, two-photon
polymerization 3D printing provides a powerful tool for
It is now generally accepted that the mechanism of
microstructure inhibition is primarily the stretching of the systematically investigating the bacteriostatic mechanisms
of bioinspired surfaces.
membrane region suspended between the nanocolumns
as the bacterial cell encounters the surface of the column. In this study, we simplified the microstructure that
Once the membrane is stretched enough, it will lead to simulates shark skin. The simplified microstructure has the
rupture and eventually cell death. 46–48 It is certain that following advantages: first, the simplified structure inherits

Volume X Issue X (2025) 160 doi: 10.36922/IJB025150135