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International Journal of Bioprinting Fine collagen scaffold for osteogenesis

Figure 6. LAOS test results for hydrogel inks. Lissajous curve (A) and strain-hardening curve (B) for ink A (cellulose/collagen I/alginate hydrogel) and B
(oxidized cellulose/collagen I/alginate hydrogel). Abbreviation: LAOS: Large amplitude oscillation sweep.

Figure 7. Macroscale images of hydrogel scaffolds. (A) Cryogenic 3D printing setup. (B) 3D-printed scaffold using ink A (cellulose/collagen I/alginate
hydrogel). (C) 3D-printed scaffold using ink B (oxidized cellulose/collagen I/alginate hydrogel). The edge length of each scaffold square is 24 mm.

Table 1. Average rod diameter and pore size of scaffold samples before and after swelling
Before swelling After swelling
Sample
Rod diameter (μm) Pore size (μm) Rod diameter (μm) Pore size (μm)
1 158±13 65±13 174±21 140±19
2 173±27 144±42 149±26 192±36
3 184±24 222±16 259±33 350±29
4 237±22 233±17 228±22 324±24
Note: Data are presented as mean ± standard deviations (n = 3).

Volume 11 Issue 4 (2025) 231 doi: 10.36922/IJB025140116