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International Journal of Bioprinting GradGelMA 3D-bioprinted vascular skin

Figure 4. Printability and biocompatibility of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA). (A) Printing tests of GelMA at different concentrations under varying
temperatures and pressures. Overextrudable: GelMA is overly softened during extrusion, and the extruded material cannot maintain its original linear
structure after exiting the nozzle, resulting in softening, collapse, and formation of lines with uneven widths. Printable: GelMA is smoothly extruded,
forming continuous and stable linear structures. Irregular: GelMA is irregularly extruded, with intermittent or discontinuous extrusion from the nozzle,
leading to broken lines and discontinuous structures. Scale bar: 10 mm. (B) Human foreskin fibroblast cells-laden printing examples of 10% (w/v) GelMA
in membrane/grid forms, with live/dead staining microscopy images at Day 0 and Day 7, and quantification of cell viability using ImageJ. Data were
analyzed via a one-way analysis of variance and are shown as mean ± standard deviation (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, n = 3). Scale bars: 2 mm,
300 µm, and 500 µm; magnification: 100× and 40×.

Volume 11 Issue 4 (2025) 338 doi: 10.36922/IJB025090069