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Modeling the renewable energy development in T¨urkiye with optimization
decrease with the increase in per capita GDP in optimal annual installation targets for RERs in
T¨urkiye. Another study using ARDL approach T¨urkiye.
is. 11 The study adopted ARDL bounds testing ap-
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proach, Gregory-Hansen and Hatemi-J cointegra- Similarly, in optimization is utilized with a two-
tion tests, and mainly examined the validity of the stage approach. The main goal is to determine
EKC hypothesis for T¨urkiye during 1974-2014. the most suitable renewable energy (RE) alter-
The main goal was to investigate the relation- native, and allocation of renewable energy supply
ship between several factors, such as; GDP per for seven different geographical regions in T¨urkiye
capita, total renewable energy consumption per for 2017-2024. The first stage of the proposed
capita, hydroelectricity consumption per capita, approach involves qualitative evaluations of re-
alternative energy consumption per capita, ur- newable energy sources (by using Analytical Hier-
banization, financial development and CO 2 emis- archy Process (AHP)) for seven geographical re-
sions per capita in T¨urkiye. The results indi- gions of T¨urkiye. The second stage of the inte-
cated a long-run relationship between these vari- grated model consists of a multi-objective, multi-
ables, and revealed that economic growth caused period linear programming model. The objective
the greatest increase in CO 2 emissions, followed functions of the developed model are; to minimize
by urbanization and financial development. Sim- investment cost, production cost and CO 2 and to
ilarly, the study in 12 employs VECM (Vector Er- maximize regional geographic adaptation index,
ror Correction Model) and ARDL techniques to regional social adaptation index, regional local re-
the data spanning 1980-2019 period for T¨urkiye. source utilization, and regional social awareness.
However, the main focus is on the effect of finance The results show most appropriate RE technolo-
on renewable energy. The study aims to evalu- gies and RE investments for each region.
ate the effect of financial development, economic
growth, and energy prices on energy use. 12 The The research study presented in this paper is dif-
results of the study show that a 1% increase in ferent than those available in literature. Simi-
financial development leads to a 0.21% rise in re- lar to the studies, 1,6,13 optimization constitutes
newable energy consumption. the backbone of this study. However, the main
focus of the designed optimization problems are
Another study focusing on renewable energy de- different, as the main goal is to minimize the er-
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velopment is, which examines the impact of fossil ror between the real and estimated renewable en-
fuel prices and economic growth on the develop- ergy capacity, and therefore, the objective func-
ment of renewable energy capacity. Unlike other tions and the constraints are different. This study
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studies, uses panel data methodologies with the also involves development of models by using a
data period of 1990-2019. The results of the study well known technique, Multiple Linear Regression
indicate that climate policies that raise the cost (MLR). The main idea is to compare the results
of fossil fuels can stimulate the addition of renew- of optimization with the results of MLR in order
able capacity. The study also reveals that in those to show the success of the developed models. Us-
countries relying more heavily on fossil fuels for ing combination of regression and optimization,
electricity generation, the impact of the change or comparing them with each other is also done
in fossil fuel prices on renewable energy transi- by studies like. 14 and 15 However, the main focus
tion is stronger. The study in 13 proposes a two- of those studies are very different from the one in
step multi-objective optimization framework for this paper, as 14 focuses on multi-objective regres-
renewable energy planning in T¨urkiye. The first sion models for short-term natural gas demand
step involves an optimization process while the prediction and 15 focuses on rotor design optimiza-
second step utilizes a multicriteria decision mak- tion of a permanent magnet synchronous genera-
ing based selection strategy. The objectives are; tor.
to minimize the levelized cost of electricity plan
and to maximize the short term electricity gen- Moreover, this study aims to model the installed
eration from renewable energy resources (RER). renewable energy capacity by using several model-
The constraints are listed as financial constraints, ing parameters. Hence, when compared to ARDL
resource availability and country targets. The re- and panel data methodology based studies, the
sults of the study reveal that T¨urkiye’s 2023 tar- differences are evident as the main focus in some
gets for hydroelectric, and biomass power plants studies are modeling emissions or GDP rather
are not optimal with any of the renewable energy than renewable energy capacity, while others con-
investment case. The authors of 13 further claim sider different modeling parameters and different
that the proposed model provides insights into the solution techniques.
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