Page 86 - IJPS-11-1

International Journal of
Population Studies Cultural values and workplace gender equity

Table 2. Mean values, standard deviation, Welch’s F statistics, and effect size (adjusted ω ) for generation‑based mean
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comparisons (N=300)
Variables Generation n Mean values Standard deviation Welch’s F test Adjusted ω 2
Statistic df1 df2 p‑value
Conformity Traditionals 33 2.6 2.1 5.252 2 82.8 0.007** 0.02
Gen X 70 3.9 1.9
Gen Y 197 3.4 2.3
Power distance Traditionals 33 8.1 2.9 3.547 2 76.7 0.034* 0.01
Gen X 70 9.9 3.9
Gen Y 197 8.8 3.0
Uncertainty avoidance Traditionals 33 12.2 1.8 2.846 2 76.4 0.064 N.S.
Gen X 70 12.6 2.3
Gen Y 197 11.8 1.8
Collectivism Traditionals 33 19.8 4.4 5.375 2 76.6 0.007** 0.02
Gen X 70 22.6 4.4
Gen Y 197 20.9 4.1
Masculinity Traditionals 33 6.5 2.9 6.827 2 79.2 0.002** 0.03
Gen X 70 6.1 2.6
Gen Y 197 7.4 2.8
Long-term orientation Traditionals 33 6.4 1.6 3.789 2 81.4 0.027* 0.01
Gen X 70 7.3 1.5
Gen Y 197 7.1 1.7
Employment skepticism Traditionals 33 8.5 2.9 6.085 2 82.6 0.003** 0.03
Gen X 70 8.6 2.2
Gen Y 197 9.7 3.1
Traditional gender roles Traditionals 33 10.2 2.5 0.031 2 86.7 0.969 N.S.
Gen X 70 10.1 2.5
Gen Y 197 10.2 3.2
Notes: *Significance at 0.05 level; **Significance at 0.01 level; N.S.: Not significant.

plausible explanation could be that Traditionals, having p < 0.01, Adj. ω = 0.02). Traditionals (M = 19.8) appear to
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been born right after Indian’s independence, grew up in be the least collectivistic, followed by Gen Yers (M = 20.9)
a culture that glorified equity and condemned unequal who exhibit a slightly greater preference for collectivism,
power dissemination. Moreover, they witnessed the dawn while Gen Xers have the highest score (M = 22.6) on this
of democratization in India, which may explain their dimension. This implies that Gen Xers are the most group-
inclination toward parity. Furthermore, the higher score oriented generational cohort. Post hoc comparisons revealed
on power distance for Gen Xers might result from their that Gen Xers scored significantly higher than Traditionals
presence in powerful positions. According to Hofstede, (Mean difference = 2.75, p < 0.05) as well as Gen Yers (Mean
power distance is “the extent to which the less powerful difference = 1.65, p < 0.05) on the measure of collectivism.
members of a society expect and accept that power is These findings are consistent with the research of
distributed unequally” (Hofstede, 1980, p. 45). In a culture Putney & Bengtson (2004), who found that Gen X is more
where subordinates expect the leader to have more power, collectivistic than previous generations. In addition, Putney
individuals in leadership positions have to exert authority, et al. (2007) described the increase in collectivistic and
possibly explaining why Gen X population, which currently humanistic values among Gen X people as a consequence
occupies top leadership positions, demonstrates a greater of egalitarian family structure. Moreover, Robbins et al.
preference for power distance. (2010) argued that Gen X’s inclination toward collectivism

Furthermore, scores on collectivism vary significantly can be attributed to their current position in the
across the three generational cohorts (Welch’s F (2,76.6) = 5.375, organizational hierarchy. Gen X employees have mostly

Volume 11 Issue 1 (2025) 80 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijps.422