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Gu and Feng

Authors’ Contributions
DG designed the study, performed the analysis, drafted, and revised the manuscript. QF revised the manuscript and
interpreted the results.
Conflicts of Interest and Funding

None.

Ethics Approval
Not applicable – this study used secondary aggregated data from publicly available census tabulations.

Disclaimer
The views expressed in this paper are solely those of the authors and do not reflect those of the United Nations and the
National University of Singapore.
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