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Innovative Medicines & Omics Antioxidant nanomedicines for therapies

Figure 16. Schematic illustration for the catalytic-therapeutic mechanism of single-atom nanocatalysts with M-N sites. Reproduced with permission from
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Zhang et al. Copyright © 2022, Nature Publishing Group.
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kidney disease. Due to the glomerular filtration preferentially in kidneys and present a renal-protective
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barrier, the sizes of antioxidant nanomedicines should be effect by scavenging ROS (Figure 17A). However,
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small enough (<10 nm) to fall below the kidney filtration further efforts are still needed to investigate the concrete
threshold, thus capable of reaching the pathological sites. mechanism of renal uptake. Black phosphorus nanosheets
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have also been used for acute kidney injury treatment,
6.1. Acute kidney injury treatment which can act as a reactant to neutralize ROS in kidney, after
Acute kidney injury is a sudden renal dysfunction which biocompatible phosphate is released (Figure 17B).
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(previously known as acute renal failure), leading to Recently, our group has also synthesized a hydrogen-
high morbidity and mortality in populations. 263,264 This terminated germanene nanosheet and demonstrated its
disease is characterized by decreased urine excretion and broad-spectrum ROS-scavenging property. In vivo
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increased accumulation of hematic nitrogenous waste. experiments on a rhabdomyolysis-induced acute kidney
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The progression of acute kidney injury is associated with injury animal model also demonstrate the renoprotective
the production of excessive ROS by renal infiltrating cells, property of the nanosheets.
triggering severe oxidative damage on kidneys. Although Inorganic nanocatalysts, such as CeO nanoparticles,
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hemodialysis and kidney transplantation have been used Mn O nanoparticles, and POM nanoparticles, have
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in clinic for treating acute kidney injury, the low patient also demonstrated to be renoprotective. For example,
compliance impedes their further application. Molecular Choi et al. constructed a Mn O nanoparticle-based
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antioxidant N-acetylcysteine has been demonstrated to be nanosystem that can release Mn O nanoparticles
capable of mitigating acute kidney injury. However, the specifically in renal region to catalyze pathological H O
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fast metabolism and low utilization of N-acetylcysteine disproportionation into H O and O (Figure 18). Such
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require a high administration dose during therapeutic an antioxidative effect results in inflammation alleviation,
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application. apoptosis inhibition, kidney damage mitigation, and renal
Various nanomaterials with intrinsic antioxidative function improvement. It has recently been indicated that
properties have been used to scavenge renal ROS for ferroptosis, a programmed cell death pathway through iron-
treating acute kidney injury. Jiang et al. demonstrated that dependent ROS generation and lipid peroxidation, 275-278
rectangular DNA origami nanostructure can accumulate participates in acute kidney injury process. 279,280 Wang et
Volume 1 Issue 1 (2024) 21 doi: 10.36922/imo.2527