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Innovative Medicines & Omics Herbal remedies for diabetes mellitus

Figure 2. Pathophysiology of type 1 DM
Abbreviations: DM: Diabetes mellitus; IL-1: Interleukin-1; TNF-alpha: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha.

resistance. As T2DM advances, defective insulin signaling insulin resistance increases, leading to hyperglycemia in
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exacerbates hepatic glucose overproduction and decreases susceptible individuals (Figure 4). Women with GDM face a
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glucose uptake in peripheral tissues, further aggravating significantly increased risk of developing T2DM postpartum,
hyperglycemia. The global prevalence of T2DM has risen primarily due to persistent β-cell dysfunction and sustained
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sharply, largely driven by sedentary lifestyles, high-calorie insulin resistance. Excessive gestational weight gain further
diets, and an aging population. Effective T2DM management exacerbates this risk. In addition, only 2 – 13% of women
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strategies focus on lifestyle interventions, pharmacotherapy, diagnosed with GDM exhibit autoantibodies against β-cell
and emerging precision medicine approaches tailored to antigens, suggesting that autoimmunity plays a minor role
individual metabolic profiles (Figure 3). 24 in its pathophysiology. Effective management of GDM
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includes lifestyle modifications, regular glucose monitoring,
3.3. GDM and, in some cases, insulin therapy to reduce complications
GDM is a transient form of diabetes characterized by β-cell for both the mother and fetus.
dysfunction and increased insulin resistance, typically
diagnosed during the second or third trimester. It frequently 3.4. Other specific types of diabetes
arises in women with pre-existing metabolic abnormalities, Monogenic diabetes, including MODY, results from single-
particularly in populations with a high prevalence of obesity and gene mutations affecting β-cell function. While MODY
diabetes. Pregnancy induces physiological metabolic changes comprises a small fraction of diabetes cases, its accurate
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that place additional stress on β-cells. During early pregnancy, diagnosis is essential for targeted treatment. This form of
normoglycemia is maintained through compensatory diabetes is typically inherited in an autosomal dominant
insulin secretion. However, as pregnancy progresses, manner and is characterized by early onset (often before the

Volume 2 Issue 2 (2025) 23 doi: 10.36922/imo.7520