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Innovative Medicines & Omics Herbal remedies for diabetes mellitus

Figure 4. Pathophysiology of gestational diabetes mellitus
Abbreviations: IR: Insulin resistance; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Table 2. Tests and their criteria for diabetes diagnosis
Test Description Diagnostic Criteria
Fasting plasma glucose Determines blood glucose level after fasting for at least 12 h. ≥7.0 mmol/L
OGTT Determines blood glucose 2 h after ingesting 75 g of glucose. ≥11.1 mmol/L
Glycosylated hemoglobin Reflects average blood glucose levels over the past 2 – 3 months. ≥48 mmol/mol (≥6.5%)
Random blood glucose test Monitors blood sugar levels at any time of day, regardless of ≥11.1 mmol/L with symptoms of diabetes
meal timing.
Impaired glucose tolerance Identified through OGTT when plasma glucose levels are 7.8 – 11.0 mmol/L after 2 h of ingesting 75 g glucose
elevated but not high enough for diabetes.
Abbreviation: OGTT: Oral glucose tolerance test

extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis and deposition. In flavonoids, and other phytochemicals exhibit anti-
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addition, the accumulation of ECM components, such as inflammatory, antioxidant, and insulin-sensitizing properties,
collagens, inflammatory cells, and dysregulated cytokine offering promising alternatives to conventional therapies.
and chemokine activity contributes to organ fibrosis in The subsequent sections will explore how these compounds
individuals with diabetes. 39 mitigate key diabetes-related risk factors and complications. 40

4.3. Therapeutic potential of plant-based 5. Various therapies in the management of
compounds in diabetes diabetes
The interplay of oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and 5.1. Medical nutrition therapy (MNT)
metabolic dysregulation in diabetes highlights the therapeutic MNT is provided by a registered dietitian nutritionist
potential of plant-derived bioactive compounds. Polyphenols, and encompasses nutrition diagnosis and counseling

Volume 2 Issue 2 (2025) 25 doi: 10.36922/imo.7520