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INNOSC Theranostics and
Pharmacological Sciences Plants immunoactivity: In silico study

medication development, the majority of anti-kinase the practical impacts of these lead compounds and their
research has centered on protein kinase targets, with a potential impact on immunomodulatory proteins against
few significant exceptions. Manning et al. reported that multiple myeloma.
the human genome encodes 518 distinct protein kinases,
each facilitating the transfer of the gamma-phosphate Acknowledgments
group of ATP to the hydroxyl groups of proteins. These None.
protein kinases are categorized into two types based on
the phosphorylated amino acids. They are important Funding
components of biological signal transduction pathways that
regulate cell proliferation, survival, and migration. While None.
numerous tyrosine kinases (TKs) reside in the cytosolic Conflict of interest
domains of plasma membrane receptors, multi-capability
serine/threonine kinases (S/TKs) can also be located in the The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
plasma membrane; however, the majority is distributed
throughout the cytosol and other cellular compartments. Author contributions
This observation aligns with the GO analysis of cellular Conceptualization: Funmilayo I. D. Afolayan
compartments (CC), which highlights the cytosol as the Investigation: Deborah G. Joseph.
most significantly enriched cellular compartment among Writing – original draft: Joseph Deborah G.
[60]
the gene targets . Writing – review & editing: All authors
However, this study has a few limitations. First, it relies Ethics approval and consent to participate
on the already identified chemical constituents from W.
somnifera and A. barbadensis, potentially overlooking Not applicable.
the immunomodulatory effect of unknown chemical Consent for publication
constituents. In addition, although favorable binding
affinities were observed between the hub targets and Not applicable.
corresponding phytoconstituents during the molecular
docking simulation, further studies are necessary to Availability of data
authenticate and validate these interactions. Supporting data can be obtained from the corresponding
5. Conclusion author following a formal request.

The study’s approach leverages network pharmacology References
and molecular docking techniques to uncover active 1. Yagi A, Yu BP, 2021, Immune modulation of Aloe vera:
phytocompounds and their potential mechanism of Acemannan and gut microbiota modulator. J Gastroenterol
immunomodulation. Network pharmacology analysis Hepatol Res, 4: 1707–1721.
revealed that HCK, PDPK1, and JAK2 are crucial 2. Ayivi R, Ibrahim S, Colleran H, et al., 2021,
immunomodulatory targets for multiple myeloma COVID-19: Human immune response and the influence
treatment. These effects are achieved through the inhibition of food ingredients and active compounds. Bioactive
of major signaling pathways that have been constitutively Compounds Health Dis, 4: 100.
activated, aligning with previous research. Notably, the
study highlights significant pathways, including the PI3K- https://doi.org/10.31989/bchd.v4i6.802
Akt signaling pathway, NOD-like receptor signaling 3. Newman DJ, Cragg GM, 2020, Natural products as sources
pathway, and TLR signaling pathways. The molecular of new drugs over the nearly four decades from 01/1981 to
docking analysis further supports these results, suggesting 09/2019. J Nat Prod, 83: 770–803.
that with anolide G, Somniferine, and Somniferanolide https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b01285
from W. somnifera hold potential as IMiDs leads targeting 4. Tharakan A, Himanshu S, Irin RB, et al., 2021,
PDPK1, HCK, and JAK2 hub proteins in multiple Immunomodulatory effect of Withania somnifera
myeloma from the network pharmacology construction. (Ashwagandha) Extract--a randomized, double-blind,
These compounds exhibit promise in modulating key placebo controlled trial with an open label extension on
pathways in cancer, notably the PI3-AKT pathway, VEGFA healthy participants. J Clin Med, 10: 3644.
pathway, JAK-STAT signaling pathway, and mTOR
signaling pathway. Consequently, it is recommended that https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10163644
further in vivo and in vitro studies be conducted to assess 5. Afewerky HK, Ayodeji AE, Tiamiyu BB, et al., 2021, Critical

Volume 7 Issue 1 (2024) 14 https://doi.org/10.36922/itps.1076