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INNOSC Theranostics and
Pharmacological Sciences AMPK in metabolism, energy and aging

Table 2. (Continued)
Compound Chemical structure AMPK activation mechanism References
Nootkatone Not specified 68

Thienopyridone (A-769662) Allosteric activator (AMPK binding, β1 subunit) 69

Benzimidazole (Compound 911) Allosteric activator (AMPK binding, β1 subunit) 5

Compound 991 Not specified (AMPK binding, β1 subunit) 70

Compound-13 Allosteric activator (AMPK binding, α1 subunit) 71

PT-1 Allosteric activator (AMPK binding, γ1 subunit) 72

MT 63-78 Allosteric activator (AMPK binding, β1 subunit) 73

R118 Respiratory chain blockage 69

Abbreviations: AICAR: 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside; ZMP: 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-5′-monophosphate;
AMPK: 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; EGCG: Epigallocatechin-3-gallate; LKB1: Liver kinase B1;
CaMKK: Calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase; ROS: Reactive oxidative species; AMP: Adenosine monophosphate; ATP: Adenosine
triphosphate.

nigra pars compacta (SNpc), a region involved in the remain unclear. However, the appearance of swollen and
development of specific symptoms. However, long- fragmented mitochondria has been reported across all
84
term treatment has been shown to negatively influence species studied, suggesting that mitochondrial fragmentation
intellectual capacities, with the exact mechanism remaining is a senescence-promoting factor. 88-90
unknown, though interference with vitamin B absorption
12
is a likely factor. 85-87 Mitochondrial dynamics regulate AMPK, as a regulator of energy homeostasis, links
many key cellular functions, including metabolic plasticity, energy levels with the rate of aging and can be considered a
mitochondrial turnover, and organelle communication, modulator of senescence and lifespan extension, particularly
but the mechanisms by which these functions are affected through mechanisms such as caloric restriction (activated
by perturbations of mitochondrial dynamics during aging with a 30 – 70% reduction in the initial amount nutrient

Volume 8 Issue 2 (2025) 7 doi: 10.36922/itps.4852