Page 81 - ITPS-8-3

INNOSC Theranostics and
Pharmacological Sciences Activity of green-synthesized nanoparticles

A B

Figure 3. Antibacterial activity of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles from carpenter bee wing extract against (A) Escherichia coli and (B) Klebsiella
pneumoniae after 24 h of exposure
Note: Asterisk (*) indicates statistically significant differences compared to the control (p<0.05).

A B C D

E F G H

Figure 4. Scanning electron microscopy images of Klebsiella pneumoniae cells show interactions with biosynthesized silver nanoparticles
from carpenter bee wing extract after 24 h of exposure. (A-D) Control (untreated) cells; (E-H) cells treated with the silver nanoparticles.
(A and B) Scale bar = 0.5 µm, magnification = ×15,000; (C) scale bar = 1 µm, magnification = ×9,000; (D) scale bar = 5 µm, magnification = ×1,900;
(E) scale bar = 0.5 µm, magnification = ×25,000; (F) scale bar = 0.5 µm, magnification = 22,000×; (G) scale bar = 100 nm, magnification = 45,000×;
(H) scale bar = 100 nm, magnification = ×35,000.
polymorphisms, along with their mutation frequencies (f), complications. 27,28 Antibiotics remain powerful and
are presented in Tables 2 and 3. lifesaving agents for treating infections such as urinary tract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms identified in the and bloodstream infections. However, K. pneumoniae and
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control cells are presented in Table 4, along with descriptions E. coli are increasingly developing resistance to antibiotics.
of the de novo mutations. A total of 14 polymorphisms As a result, nanoparticles have gained attention for their
in the control cells are detected in the control cells, each potential to combat bacterial resistance, owing to their
showing a frequency increase ranging from 20% to 34%. unique physiochemical properties that enable multiple
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bactericidal mechanisms. The synthesis of nanoparticles
4. Discussion represents a significant technological advancement, offering
Bacterial infections caused by K. pneumoniae and enhanced antimicrobial performance. Nevertheless,
E. coli can result in serious, potentially life-threatening conventional synthesis methods may raise concerns

Volume 8 Issue 3 (2025) 75 doi: 10.36922/ITPS025080007