Page 26 - JCTR-11-5

Journal of Clinical and
Translational Research AI and LLMs in iPSC cardiac research

real-time, patient-specific insights—especially when Consent for publication
integrated with iPSC-CM platforms and longitudinal
health data. Critical gaps remain in model reproducibility, Not applicable.
equity in data representation, and clinical translation— Availability of data
particularly in low-resource settings and non-Western
genomic contexts. To move from theoretical potential Not applicable.
to clinical practice, the field must prioritize federated
learning, interdisciplinary education, ethical model design, References
and globally inclusive infrastructures that decentralize 1. Di Cesare M, Perel P, Taylor S, et al. The heart of the world.
innovation and democratize access. Global Heart. 2024;19(1):11.
4.4. Final reflection on AI in the service of empathy doi: 10.5334/gh.1288
2. World Health Organization: WHO. Cardiovascular Diseases
The integration of LLMs into regenerative cardiology (CVDs); 2021. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-
offers a powerful means to enhance clinical precision room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)
and therapeutic foresight. Rather than replacing human [Last accessed on 2025 May 20].
judgment, these systems are designed to augment
clinicians’ capabilities—supporting nuanced interpretation 3. Hussain MA, Mamun AA, Peters SA, Woodward M,
Huxley RR. The burden of cardiovascular disease attributable
and broader reach. As medicine enters an era shaped by to major modifiable risk factors in Indonesia. J Epidemiol.
both molecular insight and computational intelligence, a 2016;26(10):515-521.
balanced and ethically guided approach is essential.
doi: 10.2188/jea.je20150178
The success of LLMs in cardiovascular applications
will depend not only on their technical performance but 4. Pratama DA, Anisah M, Marlianda SA. Real-Time changes
of heart rhythm using MATLAB. Int J Res Vocat Stud.
also on their alignment with human values. Empathy, 2023;3(2):53-59.
transparency, and accountability must remain central,
ensuring that these models are developed and deployed in doi: 10.53893/ijrvocas.v3i2.202
ways that respect patient agency and clinical nuance. 5. Maddox KEJ, Elkind MSV, Aparicio HJ, et al. Forecasting
the burden of cardiovascular disease and stroke in the
Acknowledgments United States through 2050-Prevalence of Risk Factors and
Disease: A Presidential advisory from the American Heart
None.
Association. Circulation. 2024;150(4):e65-e88.
Funding doi: 10.1161/cir.0000000000001256

None. 6. Zhu M, Jin W, He W, Zhang L. The incidence, mortality
and disease burden of cardiovascular diseases in China:
Conflict of interest A comparative study with the United States and Japan based
on the GBD 2019 time trend analysis. Front Cardiovasc Med.
Tadahisa Sugiura is an Editorial Board Member of this 2024;11:1408487.
journal and Guest Editor of this special issue, but was not in
any way involved in the editorial and peer-review process doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1408487
conducted for this paper, directly or indirectly. Separately, 7. Singh R, Chandi SK, Sran S, et al. Emerging therapeutic
other authors declared that they have no known competing strategies in cardiovascular diseases. Cureus. 2024;16:e64388.
financial interests or personal relationships that could have doi: 10.7759/cureus.64388
influenced the work reported in this paper.
8. Ullah A, Kumar M, Sayyar M, et al. Revolutionizing
Author contributions cardiac care: A comprehensive narrative review of cardiac
rehabilitation and the evolution of cardiovascular medicine.
Conceptualization: Dhienda C. Shahannaz, Tadahisa Cureus. 2023;15:e46469.
Sugiura doi: 10.7759/cureus.46469
Writing–original draft: Dhienda C. Shahannaz, Tadahisa
Sugiura 9. World Heart Federation. CVD Prevention What we Do World
Writing–review & editing: All authors Heart Federation. World Heart Federation; 2024. Available
from: https://world-heart-federation.org/what-we-do/
Ethics approval and consent to participate prevention/#:~:text=The%20majority%20of%20deaths%20
due,regular%20exercise%20and%20avoiding%20tobacco
Not applicable. [Last accessed on 2025 May 20].

Volume 11 Issue 5 (2025) 20 doi: 10.36922/JCTR025230026