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Seetharam et al. | Journal of Clinical and Translational Research 2023; 9(4):265-271 269
Table 6. Multivariate tests between various medications and quality In the present study, age had a significant negative correlation
of life scores with the physical and mental components of QoL scores. Our study
Effect Value F Hypothesis df Error df Sig. findings suggest that advanced age could have had a detrimental
Intercept 0.142 374.36 b 2.00 124.00 0.000 effect on QoL. Whereas, patients’ age was not associated with
Antianginal drugs 0.997 0.17 b 2.00 124.00 0.846 NS any of the World Health Organization QoL-BREF domains
Anticoagulants 0.992 0.49 b 2.00 124.00 0.614 NS scores [22]. In addition, advanced age, always drinking alcohol,
Thrombolytics 0.981 1.19 b 2.00 124.00 0.308 NS a high-fat diet, and HTN affected the various domain-specific
β-blockers 0.967 2.09 b 2.00 124.00 0.128 NS European QoL Five Dimension (EQ-5D) Five-level scale scores
Vasodilators 0.978 1.40 b 2.00 124.00 0.249 NS in coronary heart disease patients [23].
CCBs 0.996 0.26 b 2.00 124.00 0.768 NS QoL in HFpEF was observed to be the poorest in patients who
ACE inhibitors 0.986 0.89 b 2.00 124.00 0.414 NS are young, obese, and have diabetes [24]. Our study included 138
OHAs 0.992 0.49 b 2.00 124.00 0.612 NS heart failure patients with mid-range to preserved ejection fraction
Statins 0.984 1.03 b 2.00 124.00 0.360 NS wherein QoL was the poorest on admission to hospital set-up
Diuretics 0.996 0.24 b 2.00 124.00 0.784 NS which later improved after successful revascularization with PCI.
2
*Significance P≤0.05; Not significant; Exact statistic; CCBs: Calcium channel blockers; Besides, BMI (Obese: ≥30 Kg/m ; n = 10/138 ACS patients) had a
b
NS
ACE: Angiotensin-converting enzyme; OHA: Oral hypoglycemic agent significant positive correlation with the mental component of the
QoL measure.
4. Discussion According to a review by Goldenberg et al. [25], a negative
relationship between smoking and QoL exists even with
The major finding of the present study is the significant increase secondhand smoke. Further, a Chinese study found that smoking
in the PCS-12 component of QoL scores from 1 to 6 months post- had a negative correlation with the QoL. Smokers had an
PCI among ACS survivors. Results suggest that patients’ QoL 11.65% lower average chance of having a higher QoL than non-
might have improved on successful revascularization with PCI in smokers [26]. Conversely, predictors such as smoking, tobacco
the physical domain when compared to their mental component chewing, alcohol consumption, and Killip class had no significant
scores. association with the QoL scores in our study.
A prospective cohort study by Seto et al. [17] included 1445 PCI The present study results showed that both diabetes mellitus
patients. Wherein QoL was measured using SF-36 and the Seattle (DM) and HTN had no significant effect on any of the QoL scores.
angina questionnaire (SAQ). QoL improved in 58 – 75% of PCI While in a study with 364 diabetic patients, the physical domain
patients for different domains at 6 months. Another prospective score was negatively associated with the duration of DM [22].
cohort study by Wong et al. [18] included 78 PCI patients. QoL Besides, higher rates of DM significantly decreased EQ-5D index
was assessed using SF-36 and SAQ. Statistically significant and visual analog scale scores [23].
improvements in six out of eight SF-36 and five out of five SAQ Regarding outcomes (serious adverse events and major adverse
domains at 1 and 3 months were observed in PCI patients. Yet, cardiovascular events), the long-term risk of reinfarction during
another prospective cohort study by Melberg et al. [19] enrolled follow-up, QoL, and angina, additional information is needed
609 PCI patients, with significant improvement in QoL (measured to approve or reject the clinical effects of β-blockers on the
using SF-36) in PCI patients at 6 months. The present study outcomes in patients with or suspected of acute MI [27]. However,
findings were in line with the literature, wherein QoL in the on regression analysis, β-blockers had a significant effect on the
physical domain (PCS-12) improved significantly from 1-, 3-, and physical component of QoL in our study. Denoting the beneficial
6-month post-PCI among ACS patients. effect of β-blockers in improving the physical well-being of
Anchah et al. [20] recruited 112 patients with newly diagnosed
ACS. The SF-36 questionnaire was used to obtain QoL data. Their ACS patients post-PCI in the long run. In a meta-analysis, it was
physical and mental health summaries showed poorer results at evident that β-blocker therapy does not alter QoL. Accordingly,
baseline. Yet, these improved gradually and significantly over clinicians could add β-blockers to traditional treatment without
time. Our study enrolled 1-month post-PCI/post-phase 2 cardiac apprehensions of harming QoL in patients with congestive heart
rehabilitation ACS patients, where we also observed a significant failure [28].
improvement in the physical component of QoL when compared 4.1. Study limitations
to the non-significant improvement in the mental component of
QoL over time. The nutritional status [29] of the ACS patients on admission and
In addition, in the present study, we found a strong positive follow-up was not addressed in the present investigation. Since
correlation between LVEF with QoL scores (both in physical and the nutrition status of the patients might have had a significant
mental domains) except for the association between MCS-12 at effect on QoL in the long run, this issue needs to be considered
3 months post-PCI and LVEF 3 months post-PCI. In contrast, in a as the future direction of this study. In addition, the present study
study by Juenger et al. [21], among 205 patients with congestive was a single-center cohort study with small sample size. Hence,
heart failure and systolic dysfunction LVEF, duration of disease, multi-centric large-scale studies will be required for additional
and age showed no association with QoL. validation of the usefulness of QoL measurement post-PCI as
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18053/jctres.09.202304.23-00049