Page 27 - MI-1-1

Microbes & Immunity RANTES/CCL5 and ezrin peptide RepG3 for long COVID

2023. Available from: https://www.ons.gov.uk/ 2007;3(3):164-170.
peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/ doi: 10.1038/ncpneph0418
conditionsanddiseases/articles/coronaviruscovid19l
atestinsights/vaccines#deaths-by-vaccination-status [Last 21. Sullivan NL, Eickhoff CS, Zhang X, Giddings OK, Lane TE,
accessed on 2024 Jan 17]. Hoft DF. Importance of the CCR5-CCL5 axis for mucosal
Trypanosoma cruzi protection and B cell activation.
11. Parry PI, Lefringhausen A, Turni C, et al. “Spikeopathy”: J Immunol. 2011;187(3):1358-1368.
COVID-19 spike protein is pathogenic, from both virus and
vaccine mRNA. Biomedicines. 2023;11(8):2287. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100033
doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11082287 22. Bhat H, Zaun G, Hamdan TA, et al. Arenavirus induced
CCL5 expression causes NK cell-mediated melanoma
12. Trougakos IP, Terpos E, Alexopoulos H, et al. Adverse effects regression. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1849.
of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines: The spike hypothesis. Trends
Mol Med. 2022;28(7):542-554. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01849
doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2022.04.007 23. Crawford A, Angelosanto JM, Nadwodny KL, Blackburn SD,
Wherry EJ. A role for the chemokine RANTES in regulating
13. Yonker LM, Swank Z, Bartsch YC, et al. Circulating spike CD8 T cell responses during chronic viral infection. PLoS
protein detected in post-COVID-19 mRNA vaccine Pathog. 2011;7(7):e1002098.
myocarditis. Circulation. 2023;147(7):867-876.
doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002098
doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.061025
24. Blanco R, Gómez de Cedrón M, Gámez-Reche L, et al. The
14. Brogna C, Cristoni S, Marino G, et al. Detection of
recombinant Spike protein in the blood of individuals chemokine receptor CCR5 links memory CD4(+) T cell
metabolism to T cell antigen receptor nanoclustering. Front
vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2: Possible molecular Immunol. 2021;12:722320.
mechanisms. Proteomics Clin Appl. 2023;17(6):e2300048.
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.722320
doi: 10.1002/prca.202300048
25. Culley FJ, Pennycook AM, Tregoning JS, et al. Role of CCL5
15. Aldén M, Olofsson Falla F, Yang D, et al. Intracellular reverse
transcription of pfizer BioNTech COVID-19 mRNA vaccine (RANTES) in viral lung disease. J Virol. 2006;80:8151-8157.
BNT162b2 in vitro in human liver cell line. Curr Issues Mol doi: 10.1128/JVI.00496-06
Biol. 2022;44:1115-1126. 26. Glass WG, Rosenberg HF, Murphy PM. Chemokine
doi: 10.3390/cimb44030073 regulation of inflammation during acute viral infection.
Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;3:467-473.
16. Khan S, Shafiei M, Longoria C, Schoggins J, Savani S, Hasan
Zaki H. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induces inflammation doi: 10.1097/00130832-200312000-00008
via TLR2-dependent activation of the NF-κB pathway. Elife. 27. Khalil BA, Elemam NM, Maghazachi AA. Chemokines and
2021;10:e68563. chemokine receptors during COVID-19 infection. Comput
doi: 10.7554/eLife.68563 Struct Biotechnol J. 2021;19:976-988.
17. Faist A, Schloer S, Mecate-Zambrano A, et al. Inhibition doi: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.01.034
of p38 signaling curtails the SARS-CoV-2 induced 28. Zhao Y, Qin L, Zhang P, et al. Longitudinal COVID-19
inflammatory response but retains the IFN-dependent profiling associates IL-1RA and IL-10 with disease
antiviral defense of the lung epithelial barrier. Antiviral Res. severity and RANTES with mild disease. JCI Insight.
2023;209:105475.
2020;5(13):e139834.
doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105475 doi: 10.1172/jci. insight.139834
18. Holms RD, Ataullakhanov RI. Ezrin peptide therapy 29. Pérez-García F, Martin-Vicente M, Rojas-García RL, et al.
from HIV to COVID: Inhibition of inflammation and High SARS-CoV-2 Viral load and low CCL5 expression
amplification of adaptive anti-viral immunity. Int J Mol Sci. levels in the upper respiratory tract are associated with
2021;22:11688.
COVID-19 severity. J Infect Dis. 2022;225:977-982.
doi: 10.3390/ijms222111688
doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiab604
19. Zeng Z, Lan T, Wei Y, Wei X. CCL5/CCR5 axis in human 30. Law AHY, Lee DCW, Cheung BKW, Yim HCH, Lau ASY.
diseases and related treatments. Genes Dis. 2022;9:12-27.
Role for nonstructural protein 1 of severe acute respiratory
doi: 10.1016/j.gendis.2021.08.004 syndrome coronavirus in chemokine dysregulation. J Virol.
2007;81:416-422.
20. Krensky AM, Ahn YT. Mechanisms of disease: Regulation
of RANTES (CCL5) in renal disease. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol. doi: 10.1128/JVI.02336-05

Volume 1 Issue 1 (2024) 21 doi: 10.36922/mi.2474