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Microbes & Immunity RANTES/CCL5 and ezrin peptide RepG3 for long COVID

to small-molecule anti-infective therapy. In general, the COVID (an unmet treatment need), and also organized
efficacy of ezrin peptides such as RepG3 in enhancing and paid for his diagnostic blood tests for cytokines,
infection defense through increases in RANTES/CCL5 chemokines, and RANTES/CCL5.
expression while reducing inflammation should be
investigated further due to their potential as cotherapy with Consent for publication
all existing small-molecule anti-infective pharmaceuticals Patient G provided his data by email and verbally consented
to overcome multi-drug resistant infections. to publication.
Much more research is needed to fully understand how
the RANTES/CCL5 system is regulated beyond the complex Availability of data
control of its expression by various signaling pathways and Data used in this work are available from the corresponding
various transcription factors and the RANTES/CCL5 > author on reasonable request.
CCR5 cell signaling responses. It is also important to focus
on the potential therapeutic benefits of ezrin peptides to References
reliably trigger the RANTES/CCL5 immune amplification 1. Davis H, McCorkell L, Vogel JM, Topol EJ. Long COVID:
system. The world has just emerged from the SARS-CoV-2/ Major findings, mechanisms and recommendations. Nat
COVID pandemic, but there are other looming pathogens Rev Microbiol. 2023;21:133-146.
with pandemic potential. The triggering of RANTES/ doi: 10.1038/s41579-022-00846-2
CCL5 is the first line of immune defense against unknown
future pathogens and pandemics before safe, effective, and 2. Bowe B, Xie Y, Al-Aly Z. Postacute sequelae of COVID-19 at
specific vaccines can be developed. 2 years. Nat Med. 2023;29:2347-2357.
doi: 10.1038/s41591-023-02521-2
Acknowledgments
3. Holms RD. Long COVID (PASC) is maintained by a self-
None. sustaining pro-inflammatory TLR4/RAGE-Loop of S100A8/
A9 > TLR4/RAGE signalling, inducing chronic expression
Funding of IL-1b, IL-6 and TNFa: Anti-inflammatory ezrin peptides
as potential therapy. Immuno. 2022;2:512-533.
This review was supported by funding from Newal R&D
Ltd., London, UK. doi: 10.3390/immuno2030033
4. Theoharides T. Could SARS-CoV-2 spike protein be
Conflict of interest responsible for long-COVID syndrome? Mol Neurobiol.
The author, Dr. Rupert Holms, is the inventor of ezrin 2022;59:1850-1861.
peptide therapy and owns the controlling majority of shares doi: 10.1007/s12035-021-02696-0
in Newal R&D Limited, which owns granted patents related 5. Proal A, VanElzakker MB, Aleman S, et al. SARS-CoV-2
to ezrin peptide technology in the following territories: reservoir in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). Nat
Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong, Immunol. 2023;24:1616-1627.
Hungary, Iceland, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malaysia, Malta, doi: 10.1038/s41590-023-01601-2
Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Morocco, 6. Available from: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulation
Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, andcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/deaths/bulletins
Republic of Korea, Romania, Russian Federation, San /deathsregis tered weekly inengland and wales provisional /
Marino, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, weekending22september 2023 [Last accessed on 2023 Oct 03].
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, and 7. Available from: https://www.kff.org/policy-watch/why-do-
the United States of America. vaccinated-people-represent-most-covid-19-deaths-right-
now [Last accessed on 2024 Jan 17].
Author contributions 8. Available from: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1131428/

This is a single-authored article. excess-deaths-in-england-and-wales [Last accessed on
2024 Jan 17].
Ethics approval and consent to participate 9. Deaths by Vaccination Status, England. Available from: https://

Not applicable. Patient G approached Dr. Rupert Holms in www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeaths
writing, and after extensive email correspondence, patient andmarriages/deaths/datasets/deathsbyvaccinationstatus
G requested and volunteered to receive and use ezrin england [Last accessed on 2024 Jan 17].
peptide RepG3, to experimentally self-treat his own long 10. Coronavirus (COVID-19) Latest Insights: Vaccines;

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