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Microbes & Immunity Dynamics between phage, bacteria, and mammalian cells

A B

C

D

Figure 4. Evlovement of phage resistance upon treatment. (A) Time-kill assay of 406 phage treatments in the absence of mammalian cells. All values are
expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3). (B) Images of the spot test for raw phages and phages recovered from the bacteria-phage and the bacteria-phage-cell
systems. Clear zone with raw phages indicated with a red arrow in the spot test. (C) Resistance rate of bacteria in the bacteria-phage and bacteria-phage-cell
systems. (D) Phage adsorption rates on the bacteria before and after co-incubation with the two-component and three-component systems.
Abbreviations: PBS: Phosphate-buffered saline; SD: Standard deviation.

The addition of phages had limited effects on the secretion the interactions between phages and mammalian cells
of IL-1β and IL-6 levels by the BEAS-2B cells. and phage-induced immune responses could affect the
efficacy of phage therapy. As these two factors have been
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4. Discussion largely overlooked, further investigation into the dynamic
Bacteriophage (phage) therapy, utilizing lytic phages to interactions between phage, bacteria, and tissue cells at
specifically target bacteria, has regained interest in treating the sites of infections would provide important insights
MDR bacterial infections. Although experimental phage into translating phage therapy to address MDR bacterial
1
therapies have demonstrated great potential in replacing infections.
and/or supplementing conventional antibiotics, recently The positive effects of mammalian cells on assisting
completed phage trials have failed to validate the efficacy of phages to eliminate bacteria were also reported previously,
phage therapy. Moreover, the wider clinical application of but most of these findings were noted in co-culture systems
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phages is limited intrinsically by the narrow host spectrum, with mucus-producing cells. The enhanced antibacterial
resulting in poor susceptibility for non-host bacteria and efficiency was hypothesized due to the mucus-adhered
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rapid resistance development on treatment. Furthermore, phage-cell interaction providing a non-host-derived
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Volume 1 Issue 1 (2024) 89 doi: 10.36922/mi.3141