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Microbes & Immunity Viral, bacterial, and protozoal diseases

Importantly, urine microscopy can help to differentiate prevalence rate of 10% when compared to any other
etiologies of acute kidney injury, uncover the necessity marital group. H. pylori has been shown to demonstrate
for kidney biopsy, and guide decisions toward a definitive a remarkable genetic and phenotypic diversity, multiple
therapy. The studies of Perazella et al. have shown that transmission paths, high prevalence, and dramatic increase
34
urine microscopy could better differentiate acute tubular in antibiotic resistance. Thus, there is a need for focused
necrosis conditions from perennial azotemia. Besides, the attention on disease epidemiology, prevention strategies,
findings of urine microscopy have been correlated with updated antibiotic guidelines, therapeutic options, and the
renal outcomes. 35 development of effective vaccines.
From Table 6, the prevalence rate of HIV infection The prevalence rate of HVS in relation to marital status
(66.7%) in relation to widowers is significantly higher than in this study shows that married women have the highest
any other group in marital status in the table (P < 0.05). prevalence rate of 57.2% when compared to other marital
This observation is similar to the finding of Landoh et al., groups. However, this is lower than what the World Health
20
who observed 77% of the infections that appear mostly Organization estimated: 75% to 80% of new cases of sexually
in stable heterosexual couples in Togo. The differences in transmitted diseases are in developing countries. 74%
prevalence in these studies could be attributed to differences observed by Udenze et al. among female students in Abia
41
20
in population selection. The reason for the high infection State, Nigeria, who had both symptomatic and asymptomatic
rates among divorced and widowed individuals may be due lower genital infection. The reason may be that dwellers of
to the multiple sexual partners. Individuals are encouraged Ore are not conscious of the menace of developing HVS
to avoid sexual contact with infected persons, which is infection. It may also be due to the difference in sample
the cornerstone of HIV prevention. The use of barrier size. Nevertheless, the rate of UTI observed in this study
methods such as a sheath or condom during intercourse is considered high, and a plausible reason may be due to
may further reduce the transmission. unprotected sexual intercourse with the infected patient,
The malarial prevalence rate (50%) in this study is and it may be due to the study period, sample size, and the
similar to the findings of Ukaegbu et al. in Jos Plateau diagnostic procedure used. The implications of these findings
23
State, Nigeria, but higher than the 28.8% reported by can emanate from kidney failure, diabetes mellitus, etc.
Mofolorunsho et al. in Lokoja, Nigeria. The prevalence The high prevalence (58.4%) of HIV observed in
36
rate of typhoid infection (60%) in relation to widowers is those with >7 births is lower than the 3.4% rate reported
higher than in any other marital group. This is similar to by Adelekan et al. during the 2012 National HIV/AIDS
42
the finding of Buckle et al., who reported 69% typhoid and Reproductive Health Survey. This finding could be
37
fever prevalence in 21 regions from a pooled study across attributed to the fact that some people in Ore indulged
the world in 2010. The 60% prevalence of typhoid infection in unprotected sexual activity, contact with contaminated
in relation to widowers in this study is, however, lower than blood/blood products, and use of contaminated body-
the finding of Malisa and Nyaki, who reported a typhoid piercing instruments that may lead to greater infection
38
fever prevalence rate of 95% in areas endemic to typhoid
fever in the Singida region of Tanzania. It is lower than the with HIV. The prevalence rate of malaria infection in
findings of Ukaegbu et al. in Jos Plateau State, Nigeria, relation to parturition shows that those having seven or
23
who observed 24.67 – 25.67% typhoid infection. The more children had the highest infection rate of 60% in
variation in the result could be attributed to differences in this study. The presence of bushy environments in the
the environmental conditions at the time of study. area and the unavailability of ITNs could have contributed
to the disease burden. Importantly, the use of ITN and
The high prevalence of HBV infection (22.3%) among other protective measures, such as the provision of
married persons is similar to the findings of Alao et al., screens to doors and windows and the wearing of long-
39
who reported a 25.6% rate among elderly people. This is also sleeved clothing to reduce the exposure of the individual
similar to previous studies, which observed that HBsAg and to mosquito bites, are advocated. The prevalence rate of
HCV prevalence rates increase among young age groups, HBsAg infection in relation to parturition shows that those
which have been previously reported in studies elsewhere with seven or more children have the highest rate of 30%
in Nigeria and outside Nigeria. Buseri et al. reported the when compared to any other parity group. This finding
40
HBV prevalence rate to be highest among the age range of concurred with what was earlier observed by Nbaawuaga
18 – 27 years. This shows that HBV is an epidemic in the et al. on the distribution of HBV infection in Nigeria,
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studied population among married people in Ore. including south-south, where he observed a 30% prevalent
The prevalence rate of H. pylori infection in relation rate in Lagos, Southern Nigeria, for HBV-related liver
to marital status shows that widowers have the highest cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.

Volume 1 Issue 2 (2024) 66 doi: 10.36922/mi.3283