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Microbes & Immunity Viral, bacterial, and protozoal diseases

Table 3. Sex distribution of infectious diseases in Ore, Ondo State, Nigeria
SEX HIV MALARIA Typhoid HBsAg Helicobacter HVS UMCS
pylori
n n (%) n n (%) n n (%) n n (%) n n (%) n n (%) n n (%)
Male 400 100 (25) 750 200 (26.7) 150 60 (40) 150 30 (20) 150 8 (5.4) - - 250 20 (8)
Female 600 300 (50) 1,250 500 (40) 250 90 (36) 250 50 (20) 150 12 (8) 200 90 (45) 350 40 (11.5)
Total 1,000 400 (75) 2,000 700 (40) 400 150 (37.5) 400 80 (40) 300 20 (6.3) 200 90 (45) 600 60 (10)
Note: N=total number tested; n=number of positive samples.
Abbreviations: HIV: Human immunodeficiency; HVS: High vaginal swab; UMCS: Urine microscopy, culture, and sensitivity tests; HBsAg: hepatitis B
surface antigen.

3.7. Distribution of infectious diseases based on highlighting their endemic nature in the area. Previous
religion studies in different parts of Nigeria and outside Nigeria
Christians had an HIV prevalence of 43.4%, followed have reported varying prevalence rates among selected
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by Muslims (40%) and the traditional group (30%). groups. Differences in sociodemographic risk factors,
The malaria prevalence was fairly close: 35.8% among period of study, diagnostic screening modality, and
Christians, 35% among Muslims, and 33.4% among those duration of study could be the reason for the prevalence
who practiced traditional religion. Typhoid infection was rate disparity.
more prevalent among the Muslims (44.5%) compared The HIV infection rate of 40% in this study is
to the Christians (31.3%) and traditional groups (33.4%). significantly higher than the 0.3% reported by Abraham
HBV was more prevalent among traditional people (25%), et al. in Kogi State and the 5.0% national prevalence
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followed by Muslims (22.5%), while Christians had the previously reported by the Federal Ministry of Health.
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least (15.7%). Overall, none of the religions significantly Furthermore, the infection rate of 40% reported for HIV
influenced HIV, typhoid fever, HBV, H. pylori UTI, or in this study is lower than the 77% reported by Landoh
malarial infection (P > 0.05) (Table 7). et al., who carried out their research in Togo, which
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focused primarily on stable heterosexual couples, as well
3.8. Distribution of some infectious diseases based
on parturition as the 17% observed among those engaged in casual sex.
The higher prevalence obtained in this study compared to
Participants who recorded >7 births had a higher the national sentinel seroprevalence rate may be explained
prevalence of HIV (58.4%), while those with 3 – 4 births by the fact that the study was carried out in a sub-region of
had the lowest prevalence (35.8%) of HIV. Malaria was Ondo State, which is reportedly endemic for HIV.
more common in those with >7 births (60%), while
those with 1 – 2 births had the least (53.4%). Typhoid The malaria infection rate of 35% in the study is lower
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fever was higher among those with 3 – 4 births (40%) than the findings of Ukaegbu et al. in Jos, Plateau State,
but least recorded among those with 1 – 2 births (31.3%). Nigeria, who observed 54.00% of malaria infection.
Furthermore, HBsAg dominated among those with 5 However, the infection rate of 35% reported for malaria
births and above while those with 1 – 2 births recorded the in this study is higher than 14.7% reported by the Ibashe
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lowest antigenemia rate. H. pylori detection rates varied community in Ikorodu, Lagos State by Aina et al.
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from 5% to 7.5% across the groups, with higher birth rates and 22 – 40% reported by Omatola and Okolo, and
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associated with increased prevalence of infection. The Okolo et al. in Anyigba town, Nigeria. The difference in
urine microscopy revealed a fairly close prevalence range prevalence rates between the various studies could be due,
(12.3% among those with 1 – 2 births and 15% each among in part, to the differences in seasons and prevalent risk
those with 5 – 6 and >7 births) (Table 8). factors for disease acquisition in different geographical
settings. As a precaution, the use of insecticide-treated net
4. Discussion (ITN) and other protective measures to further reduce the
exposure of the individual to mosquito bites is advocated.
The present study revealed that the overall prevalence rate
of HIV, malaria, typhoid, HBsAg, H. pylori, HVS, and UTI The typhoid fever rate of 37.5% in this study is higher
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is 40% (400/1,000), 35% (700/2,000), 37.5% (150/400), than the findings of Ukaegbu et al. in Jos Plateau State,
20% (80/400), 6.3% (20/300), 45% (90/200), and 10% Nigeria, who observed 22.67 – 25.67% of typhoid infection.
(60/600), respectively. These rates were significantly However, the infection rate of 37.5% reported for typhoid
different (P < 0.05) between the infectious diseases, thus in this study is lower than the finding of Okolo et al. in
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Volume 1 Issue 2 (2024) 62 doi: 10.36922/mi.3283