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Microbes & Immunity Viral, bacterial, and protozoal diseases

The current study has certain limitations. First, not Methodology: Joseph Oyiguh Abraham, Zacharia Kadiayeno
all 4900 patients were screened for all the infectious Egbunu, Martin-Luther Oseni Okolo, Ruth Foluke
agents under investigation due to resource constraints, Aminu, Emmanuel Edegbo, Olubunmi Marvelous
leading to testing being restricted to the suspected Emurotu, Danjuma Muhammed, Jesse Joseph Chock,
condition that prompted the hospital visit and the Joseph Taiwo Chukwuma Onwuatuegwu, David
specific screening requested by the physician. This Moses Adaji, Sunday Ocholi Samson
limitation hinders the generalizability of our findings Writing-original draft: All authors
to the true burden of infectious diseases in the area. Writing-review & editing: All authors
Second, the study relied solely on serological-based
diagnoses, which are unable to detect occult infections. Ethics approval and consent to participate
Future studies utilizing more sensitive molecular Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the State
techniques could better identify both symptomatic Ministry of Health in accordance with the Helsinki Code
and asymptomatic infections caused by microbial of Conduct for biomedical research involving human
agents in the area. Notwithstanding, the current study subjects.
provides valuable baseline epidemiological information
regarding infectious diseases in the area, serving as a Consent for publication
foundation for future studies.
Participants have consented for their data to be published.
5. Conclusion
Availability of data
This study revealed an endemic level of globally important All the data used in the study are included in the
infectious diseases among patients attending the general
hospital in Ore-Odigbo, Ondo State, Nigeria. The overall manuscript.
prevalence rates of HIV, malaria, typhoid, HBV, H. pylori, References
HVS, and UTI were 40%, 35%, 37.5%, 20%, 6.3%, 45%,
and 10%, respectively. Efficient use of ITN, clearing 1. Mayo Clinic. Infectious Diseases. Mayo Foundation for
bushy environments, and proper waste disposal may Medical and Education Research; 2017. Available from:
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a reliable source of quality water could also help decrease 2. Gamal W, Treskes P, Nelson LJ, et al. Low-dose acetaminophen
the prevalence of endemic typhoid. In addition, promoting induces early disruption of cell-cell tight junctions in human
behavioral changes – including fidelity among married hepatic cells and mouse liver. Sci Rep. 2017;7:37541.
partners and sexual abstinence among young adults – doi: 10.1038/srep37541
could further reduce the burden of STIs in the area.
3. Morens DM, Folkers GK, Fauci AS. Emerging infections:
Acknowledgment A perpetual challenge. Lancet Infect Dis. 2008;8(11):710-719.
doi: 10.1016/s1473-3099(08)70256-1
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4. Okolo MLO, Adeshina K, Omatola CA, Mudi I, Ugbane E.
Funding Prevalence of malaria and typhoid fever co-infection among
pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in Anyigba, Kogi
None. State, Nigeria. Microbes Infect Dis. 2022a;4:671-680.
Conflict of interest doi: 10.21608/mid.2022.161413.1380

The authors declare that they have no competing interests. 5. World Health Organization. World Malaria Report 2020: 20
Years of Global Progress and Challenges. Geneva, Switzerland:
Author contributions World Health Organization; 2020. Available from: https://
www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240015791 [Last
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Ochofie Iyanda
Formal Analysis: Cornelius Arome Omatola, Monica 6. GBD 2017 Typhoid and Paratyphoid Collaborators.
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Volume 1 Issue 2 (2024) 67 doi: 10.36922/mi.3283