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Materials Science in Additive Manufacturing Functional graded and hybrid TPMS lattices

shown in Figure 8B, different deformation behavior can Manufacturing (RCAM) and the RMIT Microscopy and
be achieved for the gyroid-primitive lattices where the Microanalysis Facilities (RMMF).
transverse shrinkage can be observed during compression,
indicating an auxetic compressive characteristic. In Funding
summary, the hybridization of different types of TPMS None.
lattices can contribute to a counter-intuitive behavior,
exhibiting auxetic behavior that has been proven to own Conflict of interest
superior properties and broad applications .
[30]
The authors confirmed that there is no conflict of interest.
5. Conclusion Author contributions
In this work, the elastic property of TPMS sheet-based Conceptualization: Phuong Tran
gyroid lattice structures was explored. The design strategy Formal analysis: Tian Lan
of graded TPMS lattices and the hybridization of different Funding acquisition: Phuong Tran
types of lattices were illustrated, providing guidance for Investigation: Tian Lan
developing design strategies of novel TPMS-based lattice Methodology: Chenxi Peng, Truong Do
structures in future. Resources: Truong Do

Numerical analysis was conducted to investigate the Supervision: Kate Fox, Phuong Tran
effect of applying functional graded sheet-based gyroid Writing – original draft: Tian Lan
lattices to the implant application. The displacement at Writing – review & editing: Chenxi Peng, Kate Fox, Phuong
different positions and the stress contour was extracted Tran
based on the finite element modeling simulation. The All authors have read and agree to publish the final version
results demonstrated that the functional graded gyroid of this paper.
lattice structures can effectively reduce the stress
shielding effect. In addition, elastic properties of the Ethics approval and consent to participate
uniform gyroid lattice with different relative densities
were parametrically explored based on the RVE model. Not applicable.
The analytical equation based on the Gibson-Ashby Consent for publication
model was generated by fitting the simulation results,
which can be utilized to predict the elastic properties to Not applicable.
assist the future design of TPMS-based lattice structures.
In conclusion, the numerical analysis illustrated that the Availability of data
application of the functional graded gyroid lattices can Data are available from the corresponding author on
relieve the stress shielding effect as well as protects the reasonable request.
bone from damage.
The feasibility of applying hybridization of different References
types of lattices was also validated by the compressive 1. Pan C, Han Y, Lu J, 2020, Design and optimization of lattice
tests on the samples fabricated by the Stratasys J750. The structures: A review. Appl Sci, 10: 6374.
study showcased the enhanced compressive behavior https://doi.org/10.3390/app10186374
resulting from the comparison of radial hybrid primitive-
gyroid and gyroid-primitive lattices. The deformation 2. Nazir A, Abate KM, Kumar A, et al., 2019, A state-of-the-
art review on types, design, optimization, and additive
images provided a visual representation of the distinctive manufacturing of cellular structures. Int J Adv Manufact
manifestation of auxetic compressive behavior resulting Technol, 104: 3489–3510.
from the hybridization process. Consequently, the
hybridization of distinct lattices not only enhances the https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-04085-3
mechanical characteristics of TPMS structures but also 3. Xu F, Zhang X, Zhang H, 2018, A review on functionally
engenders a deformation response that defies conventional graded structures and materials for energy absorption. Eng
expectations. Struct, 171: 309–325.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.05.094
Acknowledgment
4. Wickramasinghe S, Do T, Tran P, 2020, FDM-based 3D
The authors acknowledge the facilities, the scientific printing of polymer and associated composite: A review
and technical assistance of the RMIT Centre of Additive on mechanical properties, defects and treatments. Polymers

Volume 2 Issue 3 (2023) 9 https://doi.org/10.36922/msam.1753