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Materials Science in Additive Manufacturing Sustainable resin for coral restoration

4. Conclusion Ethics approval and consent to participate

The modified CCP resin represents a novel and renewable Not applicable.
material suitable for vat polymerization-based 3D printing,
fulfilling objectives in both coral restoration and potential Consent for publication
biomedical applications. Microfragmentation experiments Not applicable.
have demonstrated the successful settlement and expansion
of corals on CCP plugs. Moreover, the printed modified CCP Availability of data
construct exhibits high biocompatibility, facilitating cell Data are available from the authors on reasonable request
attachment and proliferation. Material characterization by
FTIR and differential scanning calorimetry confirmed that References
the printed scaffold is highly cross-linked. Furthermore, 1. Connell JH. Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs.
the CCP plugs exhibit comparable effectiveness to Science. 1978;199(4335):1302-1310.
ceramic plugs, which have widely been used in coral
restoration. This study contributes to the advancement of doi: 10.1126/science.199.4335.1302
printable plant-based renewable materials for fabricating 2. Scheffer M, Carpenter S, Foley JA, Folke C, Walker B. Catastrophic
constructs across various applications, thereby supporting shifts in ecosystems. Nature. 2001;413(6856):591-596.
sustainability. doi: 10.1038/35098000
Acknowledgments 3. Hoegh-Guldberg O, Mumby PJ, Hooten AJ, et al. Coral reefs
under rapid climate change and ocean acidification. Science.
This work was part of Yukai Jia’s Master thesis performed 2007;318(5857):1737-1742.
under the guidance of Prof. Charlotte Hauser from KAUST, doi: 10.1126/science.1152509
and Prof. Harm-Anton Klok from EPFL, Lausanne,
Switzerland. The authors would like to acknowledge 4. Hughes TP, Baird AH, Bellwood DR, et al. Climate change,
Dr. Panayiotis Bilalis for his support in conducting SEM human impacts, and the resilience of coral reefs. Science.
2003;301(5635):929-933.
measurements, Thomas Ressa for his contribution to the
microfragmentation experiment, and Aris Konstantinidis doi: 10.1126/science.1085046
for his help in 3D printing and CAD design. We would 5. Cornwall CE, Comeau S, Kornder NA, et al. Global declines
like to extend our gratitude to Hamed Albalawi, whose in coral reef calcium carbonate production under ocean
preliminary efforts in 3D printing provided insights that acidification and warming. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.
served as a guide for the subsequent development of the 2021;118(21):e2015265118.
constructs used in this study. We would like to acknowledge doi: 10.1073/pnas.2015265118
the Visiting Student Research Program (VSRP) at KAUST 6. Erftemeijer PLA, Riegl B, Hoeksema BW, Todd PA. Environmental
for supporting the project. impacts of dredging and other sediment disturbances on corals:
Funding A review. Mar Pollut Bull. 2012;64(9):1737-1765.
doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.05.008
This work was financially supported by King Abdullah
University of Science and Technology (KAUST). 7. Al-Horani FA, Al-Moghrabi SM, De Beer D. The mechanism
of calcification and its relation to photosynthesis and
Conflicts of interest respiration in the scleractinian coral Galaxea fascicularis.
Mar Biol. 2003;142(3):419-426.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
doi: 10.1007/s00227-002-0981-8
Author contributions 8. Klinges D. A New Dimension to Marine Restoration: 3D
Printing Coral Reefs. Vol. 11. California: Mongabay; 2018.
Conceptualization: Charlotte A.E. Hauser and Yukai Jia
Investigation: Yukai Jia and Sherin Abdelrahman 9. Ngo TD, Kashani A, Imbalzano G, Nguyen KTQ, Hui D.
Methodology: Yukai Jia, Sherin Abdelrahman, and Additive manufacturing (3D printing): A review of
Charlotte A.E. Hauser materials, methods, applications and challenges. Compos
Part B Eng. 2018;143:172-196.
Formal analysis: Yukai Jia and Sherin Abdelrahman
Writing – original draft: Yukai Jia doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.02.012
Writing – review & editing: Yukai Jia, Sherin Abdelrahman, 10. Kim NP, Cho D, Zielewski M. Optimization of 3D printing
and Charlotte A.E. Hauser parameters of Screw Type Extrusion (STE) for ceramics

Volume 3 Issue 2 (2024) 11 doi: 10.36922/msam.3125