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Materials Science in Additive Manufacturing Gyroid non-pneumatic tires through additive manufacturing

strain data corresponding to different force-displacement like deformation indicates that the outer rings of the tire
values for the uniform 1.0 mm, 1.0 – 1.5 mm, and 1.0 – design undergo collapse first, followed sequentially by the
2.0 mm sub-scale NPT designs. subsequent inner rings. This staircasing behavior is attributed
The DIC strain maps demonstrate a distinct staircasing to the functionally graded design, which introduces localized
deformation pattern under compressive loading. The dotted regions of varying stiffness throughout the structure. These
lines represent the sequential collapse of the structure, regions strategically align during deformation, creating a
beginning with the outermost UCs and moving progressively staged collapse mechanism. As a result, the structure absorbs
inward toward the loading cylinder. This stepwise, ladder- and distributes the applied load incrementally, with the outer

Figure 5. Digital image correlation strain map for uniform 1 – 2 mm sub-scale tire design. Dotted red lines in the top row follow the concentric gyroid unit
cells to highlight the increasing deformation behavior

Figure 6. Strain distribution plots from finite element analysis for three sub-scale tire design variations at a common force of 1000 N

Figure 7. Stress distribution plots from finite element analysis for three sub-scale tire design variations at a common force of 1000 N

Volume 3 Issue 4 (2023) 6 doi: 10.36922/msam.5022