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Materials Science in Additive Manufacturing Topology optimization of an aluminum bicycle pedal
crank using laser powder bed fusion

This research highlights the transformative potential of All authors have read and agreed to the published version
TO and LPBF in producing lightweight, high-performance of the manuscript.
components. It also identifies areas that need improvement
to encourage broader industrial adoption. Future studies Ethics approval and consent to participate
should concentrate on detailed microstructural analysis Not applicable.
and the influence of process parameters on mechanical
properties, particularly hardness. In addition, examining Consent for publication
factors such as residual stresses, thermal gradients, and Not applicable.
powder characteristics – such as particle size distribution
and packing density – will offer valuable insights into Availability of data
optimizing component performance and consistency.
These efforts will help bridge the gaps in understanding Not applicable.
and enable more precise control over the manufacturing References
process for industrial applications.
1. Costa JM, Sequeiros EW, Santos RF, Vieira MF.
Acknowledgments Benchmarking L-PBF systems for die production: Powder,
dimensional, surface, microstructural and mechanical
This work results from Agenda “Hi-Rev – Recuperação characterisation. Metals Basel. 2024;14:520
do Setor de Componentes Automóveis”, nr. C644864375-
00000002, investment project nr. 64, financed by the doi: 10.3390/met14050520
Recovery and Resilience Plan (PRR) and by the European 2. ISO/ASTM. ISO/ASTM 52900: 2021-Additive
Union-NextGeneration EU. Manufacturing-General Principles-Fundamentals and
Vocabulary. London: ISO; 2021. p. 28.
Funding 3. Pei E. Springer Handbook of Additive Manufacturing. Berlin:
This research received no external funding. Springer; 2023.
4. Bar-Cohen Y. Advances in Manufacturing and Processing of
Conflicts of interest Materials and Structures. United States: CRC Press; 2018.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest. 5. Ford S, Despeisse M. Additive manufacturing and
sustainability: An exploratory study of the advantages and
Author contributions challenges. J Clean Prod. 2016;137:1573-1587.
Conceptualization: Jose Manuel Costa, Manuel Fernando doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.04.150
Vieira, Elsa Wellenkamp Sequeiros 6. Costa JM, Sequeiros EW, Vieira MF. Fused filament
Formal analysis: Jose Manuel Costa, Elsa Wellenkamp fabrication for metallic materials: A brief review. Materials.
Sequeiros, Manuel Fernando Vieira 2023;16:7505.
Investigation: Adriana Pinho Fernandes, Elsa Costa doi: 10.3390/ma16247505
Oliveira, Mariana Cerqueira Maia, Jose Manuel Costa,
Elsa Wellenkamp Sequeiros; 7. Zutin GC, Pulquerio EC, Pasotti AV, Barbosa GF, Shiki SB.
Methodology: Jose Manuel Costa, Elsa Wellenkamp Application of robotic manipulator technology and its
Sequeiros; relation to additive manufacturing process-a review. Int J
Project administration: Jose Manuel Costa, Elsa Adv Manuf Technol. 2024;133:257-271.
Wellenkamp Sequeiros; doi: 10.1007/s00170-024-13710-9
Supervision: Jose Manuel Costa, Manuel Fernando Vieira, 8. Prakash KS, Nancharaih T, Rao VVS. Additive
Elsa Wellenkamp Sequeiros; manufacturing techniques in manufacturing -an overview.
Validation: Jose Manuel Costa, Elsa Wellenkamp Sequeiros; Mater Today Proc. 2018;5:3873-3882.
Visualization: Adriana Pinho Fernandes, Elsa Costa doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2017.11.642
Oliveira, Mariana Cerqueira Maia, Jose Manuel Costa,
Elsa Wellenkamp Sequeiros 9. Zhou L, Miller J, Vezza J, et al. Additive manufacturing:
Writing–original draft: Adriana Pinho Fernandes, Elsa A comprehensive review. Sensors. 2024;24:2668.
Costa Oliveira, Mariana Cerqueira Maia, Jose Manuel doi: 10.3390/s24092668
Costa, Elsa Wellenkamp Sequeiros 10. Gibson I, Rosen DW, Stucker B. Additive Manufacturing
Writing–review and editing: Jose Manuel Costa, Elsa Technologies: Rapid Prototyping to Direct Digital
Wellenkamp Sequeiros Manufacturing. New York: Springer US; 2010.

Volume 4 Issue 1 (2025) 13 doi: 10.36922/MSAM025040003