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A B

C D

E

F G H

I J K

Figure 6. Effect of the trabeculae-like biomimetic bone-filling material (TBM) on in situ bone regeneration in tibial defect mice. (A) Schematic diagram
of TBM treatment on tibial defect mice. (B) Representative hematoxylin and eosin staining images of mice tibial defect region (Scale bar: 200 μm;
Magnification: ×32.5). (C) Micro-computing tomography reconstructed images of tibial defect after 3 weeks (scale bar: 1 mm; magnification: ×4.5).
Red arrows indicate bone defect areas. (D-G) Quantitative analyzes of the bone mineral density (BMD; D), bone volume to tissue volume (BV/TV; E),
trabecular number (Tb.N; F), and bone mineral content (BMC; G) in (C). (H and I) Representative images show the mineral apposition rate of mice
tibial defect regions (H; scale bar: 10 μm; magnification: ×700) and quantitative analysis of the mineral apposition rate (I). Red arrows indicate the
done formation line distance labeled with calcein. (J and K) Osteocalcin (OCN) staining images of tibial defect region after 3 weeks as detected by
immunohistochemical staining (J; scale bar: 30 μm; Magnification: ×350) and quantification of related integrated optical density (IOD) values (K). Red
arrows indicate OCN-positive cells.
Notes: All data in bar graphs are represented as mean ± SD, n = 3; Blank: No treatment for the bone defect region; TBM: TBM filling the bone defect
region; Ber: TBM loaded with bergamottin filling the bone defect region; Polyvinylamine (PVAm): TBM loaded with PVAm filling the bone defect
region; MSA: TBM loaded with empty recombinant tRNA (loaded by PVAm) filling the bone defect region; anti138: TBM loaded with recombinant
miR-138-5p antagonist (loaded by PVAm) filling the bone defect region; *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001.

Volume 1 Issue 2 (2025) 12 doi: 10.36922/OR025040003