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REVIEW ARTICLE
Organoid research breakthroughs in 2024: A review

Jian Wang 1,2,3,4,5 , Zhidao Xia *, and Jiacan Su 1,2,3,4,5*
6
1 Department of Orthopedics, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
2 Trauma Orthopedics Center, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
3 Institute of Musculoskeletal Injury and Translational Medicine of Organoids, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University
School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
4 Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
5 National Center for Translational Medicine SHU Branch, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
6 Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
*Corresponding authors: Zhidao Xia (z.xia@swansea.ac.uk); Jiacan Su (drsujiacan@163.com)

Citation: Wang J, Xia Z, Su J. Abstract
Organoid research breakthroughs
in 2024: A review. Organoid Res. Organoid research has experienced significant advancements in 2024, revolutionizing
2025;1(2):025040005.
doi: 10.36922/OR025040005 the fields of disease modeling, drug discovery, and regenerative medicine. Key
innovations include the refinement of culture protocols for generating more
Received: January 23, 2025
physiologically relevant organoids derived from a wide range of human tissues,
1st revised: February 20, 2025 facilitated by improved differentiation protocols for induced pluripotent stem cells
2nd revised: February 27, 2025 and adult stem cells. These advancements have led to organoids that better mimic in
vivo tissue architecture and function, making them more suitable for studying complex
Accepted: March 19, 2025
diseases. The integration of microfluidics and biomaterial scaffolds into organoid
Published online: April 17, 2025 cultures has further enhanced the replication of organ-specific microenvironments.
Copyright: © 2025 Author(s). In addition, the application of cutting-edge genomic tools, such as CRISPR/Cas9 gene
This is an Open-Access article editing, single-cell RNA sequencing, and high-throughput screening, has enabled
distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution the generation of organoid models with precise genetic mutations, facilitating the
License, permitting distribution, and exploration of disease mechanisms and the screening of therapeutic agents. Artificial
reproduction in any medium, which intelligence and machine learning have played a pivotal role in analyzing organoid
provided that the original work is
properly cited. data, enabling high-throughput screening and the development of personalized
treatment strategies. While challenges remain in scalability, reproducibility, and
Publisher’s Note: AccScience vascularization, the innovations made in 2024 have set the stage for future clinical
Publishing remains neutral with regard
to jurisdictional claims in published applications of organoid technologies, offering new possibilities for personalized
maps and institutional affiliations. medicine, drug development, and regenerative therapies.

Keywords: Organoids; Induced pluripotent stem cells; Disease modeling; Drug
discovery; Biomaterials

1. Introduction strategies. In 2024, remarkable breakthroughs have been
4,5
achieved in organoid research across various fields, pushing
Organoid technology has emerged as a transformative tool in the boundaries of their applicability in disease modeling,
biomedical research, offering unprecedented opportunities drug discovery, regenerative medicine, and personalized
to replicate the structure and function of human tissues health care. 6-8
in vitro. By providing physiologically relevant, three-
1-3
dimensional (3D) models and organoids provide platforms The literature selected for this review was guided by
that bridge the anatomical and physiological gaps between specific criteria: First, we focused on original research
traditional two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures and animal published in 2024, prioritizing studies that introduced
models, enabling a deeper understanding of complex significant breakthroughs and advancements within the
diseases and the development of advanced therapeutic year. The research was selected based on its innovative

Volume 1 Issue 2 (2025) 1 doi: 10.36922/OR025040005