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Tumor Discovery Mg-28-A theoretical novel strategy in cancer therapy

where A and B are the number of healthy cells and As demonstrated in Table 1, the coefficient increases
cancer cells, respectively; t is the actual copy time; T is dramatically with the number of replication cycles (n ) and
b
b
the replication cycle of cancer cells; and k is the doubling the value of k. For instance, even with a modest k value
time ratio. of 2, the Mg-uptake coefficient escalates from 1.8 × 10 at
2
5
Unlike normal cells, cancer cells are not regulated 15 cycles (T tumor) to 7.1 × 10 at 39 cycles (T tumor).
0
5
by cyclin-dependent kinases, which ensure genomic This highlights the profound ability of growing tumors
27
integrity, accurate protein synthesis, and complete DNA to selectively accumulate Mg ions. This trend reflects the
repair in healthy cells. For this reason, their replication is elevated Mg demand of rapidly proliferating cancer cells,
faster—resulting in k >1. which enhances the selective targeting of Mg-28 to larger
and more metabolically active tumors compared to smaller
Rapid replication in cancer cells creates a or less active ones, and significantly more than to normal
disproportionately high demand for resources essential cells.
for survival and division, including Mg . This demand
2+
doubles during the M phase of the cell cycle. Therefore, 3.2. LET and particle range
this ratio, when normalized to the initial number of cells, The LET values and corresponding ranges for the particles
is known as the Mg-28 uptake coefficient. This preferential emitted during Mg-28 decay are presented in Table 2 and
Mg uptake by cancer cells is the cornerstone of the Mg-28 illustrated in Figure 1.
therapy. The elevated demand for Mg in rapidly dividing
2+
cancer cells acts as a natural driving force for the selective Electron Auger, Beta particles (β), and recoiled ions 26,27
accumulation of the Mg-28 radioisotope within the tumor Electron Auger of Mg-28 is KLL(Mg-28); E = 0.0014 MeV
microenvironment. This intrinsic targeting mechanism
eliminates the need for complex biochemical carriers or Electron Auger (1) of Al-28 is (Al-28) KLL; E = 0.00159 MeV
nanoparticles, simplifying the treatment process and reducing Electron Auger (2) of Al-28 is (Al-28) KLX; E = 0.00170 MeV
potential off-target toxicities. The high Mg-uptake coefficient
not only enhances the intracellular delivery of Mg-28 for Electron Auger (3) of Al-28 is (Al-28) KXY; E = 0.00181 MeV
enzyme inactivation and irradiation but also underpins β1 Mg-28 E = 0.0659 MeV
its potential for early diagnosis and real-time monitoring, β 2 Mg-28 E = 0.1559 MeV
as even small tumors exhibit a measurable increase in Mg
accumulation. This coefficient is also the basis for calculating β 3 Mg-28 E = 0.3192 MeV
absorbed doses and enzyme inactivation in intravenous β Al-28 E = 1.124 MeV
treatment regimens, where energy transfer from Mg-28
decay within the cancer cell microenvironment leads to the Recoiled ion Al-28: from β1 of Mg-28; E = 0.0039 eV
disruption of molecular bonds. Recoiled ion Al-28: from β2 of Mg -28; E = 0.0109 eV

3. Results Recoiled ion Al-28: from β3 of Mg -28; E = 0.0366 eV
3.1. Mg-uptake coefficient Recoiled ion Si-28: from β1 of Al-28; E = 0.171 eV
The Mg-uptake coefficient (B/A), a key determinant of Beta-minus particles exhibit LET values of
Mg-28 distribution, was calculated by Equation V with 0.002–0.09 eV/Å with a range of 0.07–6.11 mm. Auger
an assumed value of k = 2. The results demonstrate a electrons demonstrate higher LET values, ranging
significant increase in the coefficient with tumor size and 0.81–1.6 eV/Å, but with a shorter range of 88–224 nm.
the number of replication cycles. Recoil ions (Al-28 and Si-28) have LET values between

Table 1. Tissue characteristics and magnesium‑28 absorbtion coefficient
Content Tissue level
T T T T T T
0 1 2 3 4 5
Mass (g) 3.1E-05 5.0E-03 5.0E-02 5.0E-01 5.0E+00 5.0E+02
Number of cells 3.1E+04 5.0E+06 5.0E+07 5.0E+08 5.0E+09 5.0E+11
Number of cell cycles, n 15 22 27 29 32 39
b
Absorption coefficient 1.8E+02 3.2E+03 7.1E+03 2.2E+04 7.1E+04 7.1E+05

Notes: T was defined using Equation III after n =15 cycles, where B 2 n b and n t T b . The absorption coefficient is calculated based on the

b
b

0
cumulative uptake over successive cell cycles, assuming k=2.
Volume 4 Issue 3 (2025) 73 doi: 10.36922/TD025070010