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Arts & Communication Hybrid music and ethnicity in Quangang Beiguan

Figure 3. The relationship between Beiguan’s Cailiange and Zizhu Diao,
Figure 2. The relationship between Yulanhua and Mengjiangnü Diao and a Suzhou Folk Song .
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Tan Wugeng 叹五更 (‘Nocturnal Lament”) from Beiguan .
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Figure 3 shows the pu depicting the relationship between
“Molihua,” albeit with different lyrics. Based on the melody Beiguan’s Cailiange and Zizhu Diao, a Suzhou Folk Song.
of Xianhua Diao, Beiguan’s Zhaojun Chusai is developed
by absorbing melodic elements of Kunqu Opera. Nigu Furthermore, Beiguan has also been affected by
Xiashan spontaneously tunes in to Xianhua Diao with Cantonese music. Beiguan’s Mai Zahuo 卖杂货 (‘The
other tonal fragments. Moreover, Jiangsu’s “Spring Tune” Street Peddler’) is related to a Guangdong opera and folk
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gives birth to Mengjiangnü Diao孟姜女调 (“Lady tune with the same name . So are Beiguan’s Meihua
Mengjiang Tune”) with which Caicha, Tan Yinhua 叹姻花 Sannong 梅花三弄 (“Plum blossoms, three variations”),
(“Hymn to Marriage Flowers”), Yulanhua玉兰花 (“Yulan Babantou 八板头 (“Eight head beats”), Chen Shimei
magnolia”), and Sijijing in Beiguan are connected at Burenqi 陈世美不认妻 (“Chen Shimei Denies His Wife”),
varying levels . and Guniang Suanming 姑娘算命 (“Girl Fortune-
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telling”) . Other examples showing the influence of
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Figure 2 shows the pu depicting the relationship Cantonese folk music and Teochew Opera chhoàn-á
between Yulanhua and Mengjiangnü Diao and Tan Wugeng (“accompaniment”) over Beiguan can be seen in Jishengcao
叹五更 (‘Nocturnal Lament”) from Beiguan. 寄生草 (“Cordyceps”), Shuidiyu 水底鱼 (“Fish at the
After a comparative analysis, Wang Zhou contends that Bottom”), Jingdu Ban 京都板 (“Jingdu Beats”), Huoshiliu
there is a close relationship between Beiguan’s Hua Liuban 火石榴 (“Dwarf Pomegranate”), and Guangdong Diao 广
花六板 (“Ornamented six beats”) and Jiangnan sizhu’s Lao 东调 (“Guangdong Tune”).
Liuban老六板 (“Old six beats”), Beiguan’s Yumeiren 玉美 Besides, Beiguan also leverages Peking Opera across its
人 (“Jade Beauty”) and Jiangsu folk song Yumeiren 虞美人 qupai such as Xipi Chuan 西皮串, Xipi Kuaiban 西皮快板
(“Consort Yu”), Beiguan’s Shachuangwai and Shachuangwai (“Xipi fast beat”), Xipi Manban 西皮慢板 (“Xipi slow
from Wujin, Jiangsu Province, Beiguan’s Hongxiuxie and beat”), Wen Xipi文西皮, and Wu Xipi武西皮. Besides, we
Jiangsu folk song Hongxiuxie, Beiguan’s Xiangjiang Lang can also find in Beiguan influences of northern music,
湘江浪 (“Xiangjiang Waves”), also known as Shuangjiang exemplified by Chu Hanguan and Suwu Muyang 苏武牧羊
Lang 双江浪 (“Shuangjiang Waves”) whose quming 曲名 (“Suwu Herding Sheep”). Some Beiguan qupais stem from
(“tune name”) is Wugeng Chuan 五更串, and Jiangsu folk the local music of southern Fujian including Shangxiaolou
song Xiangjiang Lang, Beiguan’s Chu Hanguan 出汉关 上小楼, Zhongxiaolou 中小楼, Xiazhulou 下主楼, Guzi Tu
(“Out of the Han Border”), or Baibuyu, and Bipoyu 碧破玉 贵子图, and Shixiechuan 拾鞋串. Similarly, Xiang Opera
from the Qing Dynasty, Beiguan’s Cailiange together with chhoàn-á contributes to Dong Chuan 冬串 and Wugeng
“Little Fish” from Min Opera and Zizhu Diao紫竹调 Chuan 五更串 etc . After a comparative analysis of “Four
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(“Purple Bamboo Tune”), a Jiangsu Suzhou folk song . Seasons,” a Ryukyuan court music chant from Japan and
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related Chinese music pieces, Wang Yaohua finally makes
11. See “The Application and Transformation of Xianhua Diao it clear that Beiguan’s Sidajing is more closely related to the
and Mengjiangnü Diao by Quangang Beiguan Tunes and Its
Principles” by Wang Yaohua. Musicology in China, 2015, vol. 15. See “Research on Mai Zahuo, a Quanzhou Beiguan Music
1, pp. 82-92. Piece” by Liu Zhen and Wang Zhou. Explorations in Music,
12. Ibid. 2019, vol. 2, pp. 103-114.
13. See “Research on the Sources of the Repertoire and Qupai of 16. See “An Overview of Fujian Quangang Beiguan” by Huang
Some Quangang Beiguan Songs” by Wang Zhou. Journal of Jiahui. Jiaoxiang: Journal of Xi’an Conservatory of Music,
the Central Conservatory of Music, 2015, vol. 2, pp. 51-68. 2004, vol. 1, p. 14.
14. Ibid. 17. Ibid.

Volume 1 Issue 1 (2023) 5 https://doi.org/10.36922/ac.419