Page 187 - AJWEP-v22i2

Topographic and watershed analysis

to reduce flood damage in cities, main drainage Acknowledgments
canals should be designated as flood buffer zones.
(iv) Improving agricultural water management & The authors would like to thank the support staff of the
groundwater recharge with the Departments Remote Sensing Department at Al-Kharkh University of
of Water Resources and Irrigation as the target Science and the GIS Department at the Iraqi Geological
audience. The southern basin’s flat regions were Survey for their assistance.
the best for groundwater recharging. Hence, to
improve groundwater storage in agricultural areas, Funding
it is suggested that artificial recharge basins and
infiltration ponds be built. Moreover, to minimize None.
surface water loss, effective irrigation technology
(such as drip irrigation and intelligent irrigation Conflict of interest
scheduling) can be used.
(v) Integrating RS and GIS into water governance. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
The Iraqi Ministry of Water Resources and
Environmental Agencies is the intended audience. Author contributions
The study showed that hydrological models based
on GIS offer useful information for planning water Conceptualization: Nabaa Isam Ali
resources. Hence, real-time RS data are suggested Data curation: Salwan Sabbar Al-Hasnawi
to create a GIS-based National Water Monitoring Formal analysis: Salwan Sabbar Al-Hasnawi
System to monitor drought conditions, flood Investigation: All authors
threats, and reservoir levels. It is also indicated to Methodology: Nabaa Isam Ali
include RS and GIS capabilities in national disaster Writing – original draft: Nabaa Isam Ali
response and water distribution plans. Writing – review & editing: Salwan Sabbar Al-Hasnawi
Despite the contributions of this study, there are
several limitations. The main drawbacks of this study Availability of data
are the use of RS-based hydrological modeling,
including topography misrepresentation, interpolation Data of this study are available from the corresponding
mistakes, and DEM resolution restrictions. Small-scale author on reasonable request.
flow characteristics could be missed by the Sentinel-1
DEM (10 m resolution), which could result in inaccurate References
flow accumulation and direction. Furthermore, 1. Subramanian V. Controlling factors in river water
subsurface hydrology cannot be directly measured quality in Asia. In: Surface and Sub-Surface Water
by RS; validation is done by field data or additional in Asia - Issues and Perspectives. Amsterdam: IOS
models. Seasonal variations and spectral mixing impact Press; 2015.
the accuracy of LULC categorization. Future research doi: 10.3233/978-1-61499-540-1-1
should use in situ hydrological data, higher-resolution 2. Ranjith J, Rajeev H. Aqua check-water quality monitoring
DEMs, and sophisticated models like the soil and water system. Indian J Image Process Recognit. 2023;3(3):1-5.
assessment tool or the Hydrologic Engineering Center’s doi: 10.54105/IJIPR.B3910.043323
Hydrologic Modeling System to increase accuracy. 3. Lunegova IV, Tyts VV, Lopatin SA. Water and its
importance for human life and health. Pharm Formulas.
6. Conclusion 2022;4(3):50-57.
doi: 10.17816/phf115210
To evaluate topography, watershed dynamics, and land 4. Panhwar A, Abro R, Kandhro A, et al. Global water
use implications on water flow and retention, this study mapping, requirements, and concerns over water
integrates RS and GIS-based hydrological modeling to quality shortages. In: Water Quality - New Perspectives.
Germany: BoD - Books on Demand; 2022.
provide a thorough geospatial analysis of the Haditha doi: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.108331
Dam Basin. The study’s conclusions directly affect 5. Jawad LA. Freshwater ecosystem conservation in Iraq:
hydrological research, environmental planning, and the Recommendations for management. In: Tigris and
management of water resources in arid and semi-arid Euphrates Rivers: Their Environment from Headwaters
areas. to Mouth. Germany: Springer Nature; 2021.

Volume 22 Issue 2 (2025) 181 doi: 10.36922/ajwep.8499