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Advanced Neurology Role of immunosuppressants in autism

Table 2. Current treatment challenge for ASD [154] Funding
1. Trying to manage ASD heterogeneity None.
2. Failures in the transmission of aimed medicines from preclinical to
clinical trials Conflict of interest
3. Taking into consideration the views of participants and caregivers The authors declare no financial or other conflicts of
4. Settling on a sequence of molecular targets interest.
5. Developing more reliable clinical trial designs Author contributions
6. Better clinical endpoints are required
7. There are not enough objective biomarkers that have been validated Conceptualization: Shamsher Singh
for use in diagnosis, stratification, therapy prediction, initial changes Visualization: Piyush Anand
monitoring, engaging target mechanisms, and modulating key brain Writing – original draft: Shamsher Singh
circuits Writing – review & editing: Piyush Anand
8. Governing the regulatory process for emerging therapeutic proposals
Abbreviation: ASD: Autism spectrum disorder. Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
of the molecular pathophysiology of the disorder, as
shown in Table 2. Newly found compounds should be Consent for publication
safe for adults and can help treat mental health problems Not applicable.
from childhood. Examining the therapeutic effects of
a new compound is difficult because people with ASD Availability of data
are often medicated with multiple classes of CNS-active All the data has been provided along with the manuscript.
compounds for comorbidities (such as mood and anxiety
disorders, epilepsy, and behavioral problems), and they References
also frequently receive additional non-pharmacological 1. Shen L, Liu X, Zhang H, et al., 2020, Biomarkers in autism
intervention. Although recent research using lithium in spectrum disorders: Current progress. Clin Chim Acta,
15 patients diagnosed with FXS indicated improvements 502: 41–54.
on numerous behavioral scales, these effects have yet to be https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2019.12.009
replicated in a controlled setting. In addition, minocycline
was examined in an open-label and short-term trial 2. Wang S, Liu H, Cheng B, et al., 2021, Vitamin A
including around 20 adults and adolescents, with positive supplementation ameliorates motor incoordination via
results on the ABC-C-Irritability subscale, the Visual modulating RORα in the cerebellum in a valproic acid-
Analog Scale for behavioral ratings, and the Clinical Global treated rat autism model with Vitamin A deficiency.
Neurotoxicology, 85: 90–98.
Impression (CGI) [146-148] .
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2021.05.004
10. Conclusions 3. McPartland J, Volkmar FR, 2012, Autism and related
In this review, we discuss the role of the NK cell in autism disorders. Handb Clin Neurol, 106: 407–418.
and explain how they can be used as a novel pathway in 4. Ashwood P, Wills S, Van de Water J, 2006, The immune
the treatment of autism whose elevation has been reported response in autism: A new frontier for autism research.
in patients, as well as activation of mTORC1and how J Leukoc Biol, 80: 1–15.
the drugs discussed above will be beneficial for further https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.1205707
investigation in treating ASD.
5. Zeidan J, Fombonne E, Scorah J, et al., 2022, Global prevalence
Acknowledgments of autism: A systematic review update. Autism Res, 15: 778–790.
https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2696
I would like to expressed my gratitude to Prof. (Dr.) Y.K.
Gupta (MD, PhD), the President of AIIMS Bhopal and 6. Al Dera H, 2022, Cellular and molecular mechanisms
Jammu and the Chairman of Research Advisory Committee underlying autism spectrum disorders and associated
ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga-142001, Pb. India. Authors comorbidities: A pathophysiological review. Biomed
Pharmacother, 148: 112688.
are also thankful to management and chairman of Sh.
Parveen Sir, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga-142001, Pb. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112688
India. 7. Kumar S, Reynolds K, Ji Y, et al., 2019, Impaired

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