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Design+ Design chatbot using activity theory

being modeled and any interpretations of perceived • How do things carry out in this context?
contradictions. Techniques that can be used include • Why you do it?
observations, interviews, and document analysis, etc. The • Who is doing it, what he or she is doing, and why?
information obtained will guide the construction of the In the design, it is important to understand how things
problem space (deal with learning).
get done in a context, and why. The reason is that different
The following guidelines can be used to clarify the contexts impose different practices. To analyze context, we
purpose of the activity: must know the beliefs, assumptions, models, and methods
(i) Generate a list of problems that road sign users commonly held by the group members, how individuals
typically deal with. refer to their experiences in other groups, what tools they
In this study, the problems identified are: found helpful in completing their problem, etc. In addition,
• Users find it hard to remember road signs after there are also external or community-driven contexts.
they passed the driving tests. These include issues such as:
• Users who must learn the road signs for the How are tasks arranged among the members of the
driving test. group working toward the object?
• Users find it hard to read the manual and • What is the organization of the social interaction
remember the road signs. surrounding this activity?
• Road signs change due to new regulations by • Which activities are critical?
governments. • Is the division of labor flexible? How do we evaluate
(ii) Who are the participants involved in the activity? these roles and their contributions?
• The road drivers, learners to drive, pedestrians. • What formal or informal rules, laws, or assignments
(iii) When and where do these problems normally occur? guide the activities in which people engage?
• When driving or sitting for driving tests, or using
the roads. 2.3.3. Analyze the activity system using Engstrom’s
(iv) Generate a concise list of subjects, motives, and goals activity diagram
for each of the groups involved in the activity. (vi) Define the subject by answering the following
• The subjects are road drivers, learners taking questions.
up driving, driving school instructors, driving • Who is participating in the activity system?
examiners, and anyone who wants to learn about
road signs (road users). • The group of driving school learners and drivers
• The motive is to be able to understand and use who want to refresh their learning.
road signs. • What are their roles?
• The goal is to apply knowledge learned from the • The driving school students’ roles as learners
road signs chatbot to use road signs effectively. and the drivers as users.
(v) What will contribute to the dynamics of the situation (vii) Define the object by answering the following
under review? questions.
• Knowing the road signs will enable the users, • What are the learning targets?
whether they are student drivers, users of the road, • The road sign chatbot.
or anyone who wants to learn and understand • What is the expected outcome of the activity?
road signs and use road signs. • The outcome is to be able to use the road signs
The information collected in this step will guide the effectively.
construction of the problem space. The goals will define (viii) Define the tools used by answering the following
the objects of the problem. questions.
• What tools are used in this activity?
2.3.2. Analyze the context for learning and use • Tools include both physical and psychological
There are different types of contexts. Context can be both learning environments.
internal to people (involving specific objects or goals) and • What physical tools are used to perform this
external (involving artifacts, other people, and settings). activity?
There is also the environmental context, such as location • The physical tools used are iPad, the Internet,
and technical aspects concerning the chatbot. Important mobile device, books, manuals, videos, pens, etc.
questions that should be considered are: • What are the psychological tools used?

Volume 2 Issue 3 (2025) 8 doi: 10.36922/DP025060009