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Design+ Design chatbot using activity theory

Figure 3. A depiction of the history of activity theory (after Kaenampornpan and O’Neil, 2004) 39

The elements in the context model can be described as the system in its concrete diversity and richness, and
follows: therefore explain and foresee its development 36
• User: Information about the user that the system is In this step, it is necessary to answer the following
interested in and her physical environment that has questions:
influence on her activity, including user’s current • Question 1: What are the dynamics that exist between
location, action, device, and timetable.
• Tools: Tools that are available and their availability, • the components of the activity system?
Question 2: Are there contradictions or inconsistencies
including device characteristics, public services, and within the needs of these various components of the
computing environment such as network liability.
• Rules: Norms, social rules, and legislation within • activity system?
Question 3: What are the interrelationships that exist
which the user relates to others in her community.
• Community: Information about people around the within the components of the system?
user (in both physical and virtual environments) that • Question 4: How have these relationships changed
may have an influence on their activity. over time?
• Division of labor: Roles of user in that situation Several types of contradictions are identified in our
including who can perform which tasks to the object. mobile learning design, as shown in Figure 4.
• Object: User’s intention and objective. The system uses (A) Potential primary contradictions in using the chatbot
all the elements above to decide about user’s intention • At the object node, there is tension between the
or objective. types of learning. It can be used in traditional
• Time: This is a time in a particular situation when an instructions using the manual instructional book
activity occurs. The activity in this case is when the or road sign chatbot.
system reacts to context to support the user. • At the tool node, there is the issue of using chatbot
compared to traditional manual.
2.3.6. Analyze contradictions within the activity (B) Potential secondary contradictions within the mobile
system learning environment
By identifying the tensions and interactions between the • There is tension between the rules (use of chatbot)
elements of an activity system, it is possible to reconstruct because it has an effect on the division of labor.

Volume 2 Issue 3 (2025) 10 doi: 10.36922/DP025060009