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Design+ Design chatbot using activity theory

• These include procedures, techniques, Answer: The drivers are guided to learn more about
instructions, government regulations, GPS, etc. each of the road signs and their meaning and uses.
(ix) Define the community. The community includes
the learners, driving school students, drivers, 2.3.5. Analyze the development of the activity and its
government agencies, driving instructors, driving constituent components and actions
examiners, parents, educational ministry, faculty Since activities undergo permanent developmental
members, administrative personnel, technicians, etc. transformations, it is important to analyze the history of
(x) Define the rules. The rules can be formal rules such target activities because it can help reveal the main factors
as the instructions book on road signs, driving influencing the development. 37,38 Analysis of potential
schools’ regulations, government road safety changes in the environment can help to anticipate their
laws, driving tests, highway code, etc. The rules effect on the structure of target activities.
for charging fees for each lesson for learners are (xii) What are the results of implementing the target
determined by individual driving instructor as well technology on target actions? Did the expected
as the procedure of the lesson. benefits happen? (yes)
(xi) Define the division of labor. The roles involved include (xiii) Did the system show improvement over the process
learner drivers, instructors, driving test examiners, of its use? (yes)
the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Authority, the (xiv) Are there benefits or disadvantages associated with
Transport Department, driving schools, GPS the use of the system? (yes)
providers, teachers, technicians, and others. (xv) Did the tools support the transformations of
Figure 2 shows the roles played by different components existing activities into future activities? The users
of the activity system, such as the subject, tools, rules, became more and more confident in the use of the
community, object, outcome, and division of labor. chatbot and enjoyed using it.
(xvi) What is the history of the implementation of new
2.3.4. Analyze the activity structure technologies to support target actions? As time went
This step involves analyzing the activity structure (all by, the users found the system indeed supported the
of the activities that engage the subject), which defines target actions they were doing.
the people of the activity system. The outcomes of this (xvii) What are the predicted changes in target actions
step will consist of a description of the activities, actions, after new technology is implemented? The users
and operations that are required to solve the problem. became more proficient in using the chatbot and
For each activity, it is decomposed into actions and found it very useful.
operations. The context modeling in literature is shown in
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Question: How is work being done in practice? Figure 3. It is used to model the time or historical aspect of
Answer: The chatbot guides learner drivers or drivers the activity we have adopted.
to find the road signs and use the road signs correctly. Although time is a crucial part of context, the current
Question: For each activity, what actions can be performed diagram is not reflective of the time aspect. But it is important
and by whom? not only to include current time, but also past time (a historical
element of context) and future time. (This allows for the
prediction of user’s action from the current context.) To do
this, we adopted the context modeling, as shown in Figure 3.
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The context model considers the elements that influence
users’ intentions. It will then be used as a framework in
developing the context aware system. Time is an important
element of context as it allows the system to keep records
of the context of each activity in the past. This past context
has a strong influence on users’ intentions in doing their
next activity as the user may take past experience into
account in determining what they are going to do in the
future. Time is added as another dimension to the activity
theory model to represent context, as shown in Figure 3.
Figure 2. The chatbot activity system. Image created by the authors. Time is information, such as date and time of day, when
Abbreviations: Div: Division; DVLA: Driver and vehicle licensing agency. a particular activity is completed.

Volume 2 Issue 3 (2025) 9 doi: 10.36922/DP025060009