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Design+ Design chatbot using activity theory

Figure 10. Satisfaction with the user interface of the road sign chatbot

Figure 7. Fun facts (left) and quizzes (right) told and asked by the road
sign chatbot

Figure 11. Recommendability rating of road sign chatbot

dynamic interplay of all the units of the activity system.
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Second, the designer must be able to unravel the activity
systems. Third, the designer must be able to distinguish
between the levels of activity, actions, and operations.
This study offers a novel contribution by operationalizing
activity theory not merely as an analytical tool but as a
Figure 8. User-friendliness of the road sign chatbot practical design framework for developing a usable and
engaging road sign learning chatbot. Unlike previous
research that applies activity theory conceptually, this work
systematically incorporates activity theory principles–such
as the hierarchy of activities, contradictions, cultural-
historical context, and tool mediation–into the end-to-end
chatbot design process. It extends prior chatbot usability
research by addressing the socio-cultural, historical, and
context-dependent factors that influence user interaction,
which are often overlooked by traditional usability models
such as Nielsen’s heuristics or Norman’s design principles.
Figure 9. Perception of the interactiveness of road sign chatbot Furthermore, this study proposes specific strategies for
handling contradictions in chatbot interactions to improve
affect complex human learning and learners’ interaction
with others as mediated by tools. Activity theory provides UX and validates the approach through an empirical
a philosophical framework for designers to understand User Acceptance Test. By doing so, the paper provides
collective human work activities as embedded within new insights into designing context-aware, goal-directed,
a social practice (e.g., an institution), and mediated by and culturally sensitive chatbots, thus advancing both
artifacts, such as chatbots. the theoretical and practical understanding of chatbot
usability and UX design.
Although activity theory offers many benefits for
designing usable chatbot, but it also has limitations. First, Although this shows a novel contribution to the design
the designer using it must have a complete understanding of usable chatbot with optimal UX for users, there are
of the activity system under observation, including the several limitations in this study.

Volume 2 Issue 3 (2025) 13 doi: 10.36922/DP025060009