Page 212 - EJMO-9-2

Eurasian Journal of
Medicine and Oncology Tetramethyl thyroxine boosts bladder cancer

A

B

Figure 3. T4 promotes migration of T24 and EJ-1 cells. (A) Treatment of T24 cells with 10 nM and 100 nM for 48 h promoted cell scratch healing. Scale
bar: 100 μm. (B) Treatment of TEJ-1 cells with 10 nM and 100 nM for 48 h promoted cell scratch healing. Scale bar: 100 μm. Notes: n = 3; ***p<0.001.

are prevalent causative factors associated with BC. The by activating the downstream target gene CDCA3. Yang
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pathogenesis of BC is a complex process characterized by et al.’s study demonstrated that mesenchymal stem cells in
mutations and abnormal expression of multiple genes. In the tumor microenvironment promote BC cell progression
the epithelial cells of BC, the high expression of oncogenes by enhancing mitochondrial function. T4 is associated
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such as FGFR3 and PKM2, coupled with the low with the prevalence of various tumors, including THCA,
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expression of tumor suppressor genes such as TP53 and breast cancer, and liver cancer. We aimed to explore the
FBXW7, constitutes key molecular events in the disease’s relationship between T4 and BC and its mechanism of
development. Notably, the mutation rate of the FGFR3 action.
gene in BC is significantly higher than that of other genes. T4 is a hormone primarily secreted by the thyroid
These genes primarily regulate critical biological processes, gland, playing a crucial role in the body’s metabolism,
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including cell proliferation, the cell cycle, apoptosis, and growth, development, and nervous system function. In
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embryonic development. 12,13 the bloodstream, approximately 99.7% of T4 is bound to
Tumor-associated macrophages and fibroblasts plasma proteins, serving as the storage and transportation
promote tumor development and invasion by secreting form of the hormone, which possesses no biological
cell growth factors such as TGF-β1. In addition, DNA activity. A small fraction of free T4 in the blood is capable
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methylation levels and circulating tumor DNA are of passing through cell membranes and entering tissue
also related to the occurrence of BC. Research on the cells to exert its biological effects. 22
mechanisms of BC is expected to provide new strategies Currently, the relationship between T4 and cancer is
and methods for the diagnosis and treatment of BC an active area of interest in the field of medical research.
patients. Yu et al. exposed human normal urothelial cells to According to existing research, T4 is associated with
cigarette smoke and found that their morphology changed. angiogenesis and cell proliferation, and it regulates
Cigarette induction enhanced their migration and invasion both the physiological processes of normal cells and
capabilities while reducing the expression of epithelial the proliferation of tumor cells. T4 regulates cancer
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markers and increasing the expression of mesenchymal cell proliferation through genomic and non-genomic
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markers. Liu et al. revealed that the transcription factor pathways. The genomic pathway involves the intracellular
MYBL2 promotes the proliferation and metastasis of BC conversion of T4 to T3 through deiodination, followed by

Volume 9 Issue 2 (2025) 204 doi: 10.36922/EJMO025080037