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Eurasian Journal of
Medicine and Oncology Tetramethyl thyroxine boosts bladder cancer

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Figure 4. T4 inhibits apoptosis by upregulating the expression of VEGF, αV and downregulating TP53 in T24 and EJ-1 cells. (A) Increased ITGAV (αV)
and VEGFA (VEGF) mRNA levels and decreased TP53 mRNA levels in T24 cells after T4 treatment detected by qRT-PCR. (B) Increased ITGAV (αV) and
VEGFA (VEGF) mRNA levels and decreased TP53 mRNA levels in EJ-1 cells after T4 treatment detected by qRT-PCR. (C) Western blotting analysis of
elevated αV and VEGF protein expression and decreased TP53 expression in T24 cells after T4 treatment and related quantitative analysis. (D) Western
blotting analysis of elevated αV and VEGF protein expression and decreased TP53 expression in EJ-1 cells after T4 treatment and related quantitative
analysis. Notes: n = 3; *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001.
Abbreviation: qRT-PCR: Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.
T3 entering the nucleus and binding to receptors Tα and pathways (MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT), promoting VEGF
Tβ, thereby regulating the transcription of target genes and expression, and enhancing angiogenesis. Ultimately,
promoting cell proliferation and differentiation. The non- these pathways enhance the proliferation, migration, and
genomic pathway refers to the direct action of T4 without invasion capabilities of tumor cells. Studies by Tang
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conversion to T3, where T4 binds to integrin receptors et al. have shown that T4 causes phosphorylation by
on the cell membrane, activating downstream signaling MAPK of nuclear ERα at serine-118 in MCF-7 cells and

Volume 9 Issue 2 (2025) 205 doi: 10.36922/EJMO025080037