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Global Translational Medicine Anticancer effect of S. xanthocarpum on KB cell line

treated KB cells emitted green fluorescence, which is an S. xanthocarpum extract is also known to have
evidence of the extra accumulation of ROS. This suggests powerful cytotoxic effect on leukemia cell line THP-1 but
that S. xanthocarpum promoted apoptosis of KB cells, which weaker effect on human lung cancer cell line HOP-62.
was mediated by ROS. Various studies have demonstrated This can be attributed to the distinct differences in
that plant extracts that induce ROS generation could elicit the sensitivity to cytotoxicity of various cell lines. The
oxidative stress and DNA damage in most human cancers results showed a strong correlation between flavonoid
cells. content and inhibition of THP-1 cell growth . Similar
[31]
Mitochondria play an essential role in activating results regarding the association between flavonoids
apoptosis in a mechanism that involves includes and cytotoxic activities have also been reported in other
fluctuations in the electron transport chain, loss of studies. Therefore, flavonoids act as antioxidants to
[20]
mitochondrial integrity, and activation of caspase inhibit carcinogenesis .
[26]
activators . MMP decrease is a hallmark of apoptosis.
Cancer cells show comparatively lower resting membrane 5. Conclusion
potentials compared to normally multiplying cells. MMP Taken together, this study confirmed the anticancer
changes can be detected through the uptake of the properties of the S. xanthocarpum leaf extract, which
Rh-123 dye in KB cells. Treatment with S. xanthocarpum inhibit the growth and promote the apoptosis of KB cells
resulted in the augmented depolarization of the MMP in in vitro through an ROS-induced mitochondrial pathway.
KB cells as evident by the elevated fluorescence intensity A more in-depth investigation of the therapeutic effect of
of Rh-123 compared to control cells. In this study, we S. xanthocarpum plant extract is needed.
confirmed that S. xanthocarpum triggered a reduction
of MMP via ROS generation, which activated apoptosis Acknowledgment
subsequently. The authors wish to thank Mr. Periyannan Velu for his
Apoptosis is a form of cell death characterized by assistance with laboratory work and manuscript editing.
morphological changes and DNA damage . Hence, to
[27]
examine inhibitory effects of S. xanthocarpum on the Funding
induction of apoptosis, the morphological changes of None.
KB cells were examined using AO/EB staining, which
helped verify cell death. AO-deposited cells released green Conflict of interest
fluorescence and EB was taken up by mostly the non-viable
cells which emitted purple fluorescence. The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Intake of antioxidants seems to inhibit the volatile Author contributions
outcomes of the continuous oxidative stresses. Lipid Conceptualization: Annamalai Vijayalakshmi,Venkateshwaran
peroxidation is one of the crucial processes of oxidative Anitha
stress. The cell damages caused by oxidative stress, as Formal analysis: Annamalai Vijayalakshmi, Venkateshwaran
well as apoptosis accompanied by the occurrence of Anitha
lipid peroxidation and alterations of biomolecules, have Investigation: Annamalai Vijayalakshmi,Venkateshwaran
been extensively studied . In this study, we detected Anitha
[28]
an elevated levels of TBARS in KB cells treated with
S. xanthocarpum compared to the untreated control cells. Methodology: Annamalai Vijayalakshmi,Venkateshwaran
The association between the increased levels of TBARS Anitha
and the retarded cell proliferation confirms that apoptosis Writing – original draft: Annamalai Vijayalakshmi,
is the most essential feature of the membrane damage via Venkateshwaran Anitha
lipid peroxidation . Various studies have provided the Writing – review and editing: Tawfia M. Mustafa Al-Antary
[29]
evidence that antioxidants play a key role to defend against All authors read and approved the manuscript.
the tumor-promoting mediators. [30] Apparently, chances of References
metastasis or malignancy become generally higher when
the activities or contents of antioxidants, such as SOD, CAT 1. Pires FR, Ramos AB, Oliveira JB, et al., 2013, Oral squamous
and GSH, become lower. In this study, we demonstrated cell carcinoma: Clinicopathological features from 346 cases
that the activities or contents of SOD, CAT, and GSH were from a single oral pathology service during an 8-year period.
decreased on the treatment with S. xanthocarpum in KB J Appl Oral Sci, 21: 460–467.
cells. https://doi.org/10.1590/1679-775720130317

Volume 1 Issue 1 (2022) 6 https://doi.org/10.36922/gtm.v1i1.68