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International Journal of Bioprinting Bioprinting organoids for toxicity testing

1. Introduction proliferation, and differentiation of different cells in the
3D environment depend on the right bioink. Therefore,
As modern science and technology continues to evolve, how to develop biological inks suitable for different types
three-dimensional (3D) printing technology is no of cells to ensure the health and function of cells in the
longer an exclusive technique common in the traditional printing process has become a technical problem. As
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industrial applications but has gradually become a popular scaffolds provide sufficient structural support without
method utilized in the medical field for various purposes. hindering the normal growth and functional performance
1-3
3D bioprinting technology allows for not only accurate of cells, a fine design at both micro and macro scales is
construction of complex biological tissue structures, but required so that the scaffolds can provide suitable growth
also accurate positioning and construction at the cellular environments for cells and achieve morphological and
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level. With the continuous innovation and advancement functional consistency of the constructed biological tissue.
of 3D bioprinting technology, researchers are able to In addition, there has been a rising demand for using
construct finer bionic structures and create more realistic artificial intelligence (AI)-based automatic correction and
in vitro models. These models can be used not only to proofreading in 3D printing. Given the high-precision
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study the development and treatment of diseases, but requirements, any small errors that occur during the 3D
also for drug screening, personalized medicine, and other printing process may have an adverse effect on the final
fields, bringing great potential for medical research and result. 18-20 Therefore, it is of great significance to develop
clinical practice. Pancreas is an important endocrine and automated programs and AI technologies to monitor and
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digestive organ of human body, and pancreatic diseases correct the printing process in real time to ensure the
have a profound impact on the quality of life and health of precision and accuracy of printing. Personalization and
the patients. As tumor has always been the focus of medical convenience are the core concerns in the construction of in
attention, the study involving in vitro tumor models is vitro tumor models. However, tailoring the 3D models to
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helpful to better understand the growth of tumor and the individual needs and simplifying cumbersome operations
effect of drug therapy. 7-10 In recent years, 3D bioprinting are problems requiring continuous exploration. In addition,
technology has been marked with a rapid progress, with morphology and functionality of 3D-bioprinted tissues or
the number of publications in this field continues to organs is another focus throughout the fabrication process.
increase, covering a wide range of fields and involving In vitro tumor models are constructed to simulate not
many countries and regions, including the United States, only the growth process of the tumor but also the drug
Canada, China, Russia, Australia, and parts of Europe. resistance process in order to recapitulate the real-life state
In the past 5 years, there has been an increase in research in clinical setting. 22-24 The practicality and effectiveness of
projects related to bioprinting technology, bioscience, and 3D-bioprinted pancreatic islets and in vitro tumor models
organ printing, and there has been a correlation between have been repeatedly verified in several studies, which also
the research. This has therefore promoted international supported their applications in clinical settings.
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scientific and technological exchanges and created
favorable conditions for the further development in this This review explores in depth the key issues and
field (Figure 1). challenges of 3D bioprinting in the construction of
pancreatic islets and in vitro tumor models. In this
In the process of constructing pancreatic islets and paper, we review how 3D bioprinting is applied in the
in vitro tumor model using 3D bioprinting technology, construction of in vitro functional pancreas and in
researchers encountered a series of challenges and vitro tumor models, summarize the advantages and
difficulties. 12-14 These challenges range from material disadvantages of technological development in previous
selection, bioink development, stent design, automatic studies, and summarize and discuss the development
programmed proofreading, functional maintenance, and of 3D bioprinting technology combined with AI-based
construction of personalized models. First of all, selecting automatic programming. We believe the present review is
degradable materials is the principal consideration. The of great significance for promoting the application of 3D
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materials should possess sufficient mechanical strength bioprinting technology in the medical field. On the basis
and stability in the 3D bioprinting process, and they need of continuous innovation and technological breakthroughs
to gradually degrade over a certain period of time to achieved through in-depth exploration and discussion of
provide support for cell growth and eventually allow for the research progress and application prospects, more
self-repair. Therefore, the biocompatibility, degradability, accomplishments pertaining to the construction of
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and bioactivity of the materials are important factors for biologically functional and accurate model can be made
consideration. Secondly, the development of bioinks for possible. The development of this technology is expected to
specific cell types is one of the challenges. The survival, promote the innovation of medical science and technology,

Volume 10 Issue 1 (2024) 125 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijb.1256