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International Journal of Bioprinting Mineralization of 3D-printed PHA scaffolds

Figure 5. Viability of osteoblast-like cells on the PHA, PHA–pDA, and PHA–pDA–HA scaffolds. (a) Live and dead assays of MG63 cells on days 1, 4, and
7. (b) Representative magnified images depicting cell adhesion on the scaffold on day 7. (c) Cell viability of the polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) and surface-
modified scaffolds on day 4 and day 7. n = 4; NS, no significant difference; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001. Abbreviations: HA, hydroxyapatite; pDA,
polydopamine; PHA, polyhydroxyalkanoate.

growth factors. Therefore, coating the PHA surface similar to the mineral phase of bone. 16,36 Thus, HA-based
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with pDA facilitates osteoconductivity by enhancing cell bone scaffolds enhance the osteogenic differentiation
proliferation and differentiation. Also, biocompatible HA of osteoblast-like cells and promote bone repair both in
is generally used for bone scaffolds, as its composition is vitro and in vivo. 33,37-39 The results of this study confirmed

Volume 10 Issue 2 (2024) 496 doi: 10.36922/ijb.1806