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International Journal of Bioprinting 3D bioprinting for vascularized skin tissue engineering

Figure 6. Different types of 3D bioprinters. (a) Inkjet- and (b) extrusion-based bioprinters. (c) Laser-assisted bioprinter. (d) Stereolithography-based
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bioprinter. (e) Acoustic and (f) microvalve bioprinters. (g) Scaffold-free bioprinter. Figure 6 was reprinted from (Copyright © 2020, with permission
from MDPI).
surfaces, is facilitated by bioprinting. The mechanical and skin tissue 3D bioprinting contribute to the wound healing
biological signals provided by these microfeatures, which of the skin. 30,75
are dispensed through a variety of material substrates, guide 4.2. 3D bioprinting techniques for skin
and enhance cellular alignment and differentiation. 70,71 A As shown in Figure 6, 3D bioprinting techniques can be
pioneer in the field of bioprinting, Lee et al. produced the divided into seven categories: inkjet-based, extrusion-
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first bioprinted skin model in 2009 using keratinocytes, based, laser-assisted, stereolithography-based, acoustic-
fibroblasts, and type I collagen obtained from rat tails. based, microvalve-based, and needle array-based. 76
Additional studies have shown that cells proliferated on
both planar and non-planar surfaces, indicating that 3D 4.2.1. Inkjet-based bioprinting
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bioprinting has promise for producing personalized skin In 1988, Klebe published the first study on inkjet-
constructions for skin graft transplantation. In 2011, Binder based bioprinters. He used a hydrogel approach with
et al. successfully showed wound healing in mice by testing a typical Hewlett-Packard thermal drop-on-demand
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inkjet-based printer. Subsequently, cells and biomaterials
a 3D inkjet-printed skin graft replacement with fibroblasts were efficiently distributed in droplets by inkjet printers
and keratinocytes in collagen and fibroin matrices. Using using thermal chambers and piezoelectric transducers.
3D bioprinting, Koch et al. developed a bilayer skin patch Droplet printing and bubble formation were triggered by
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that mimicked physiological skin function by promoting a heating coil adjacent to the nozzle. 78,79 Pressure pulses
vascularization and tissue integration more effectively than were produced by piezoelectric inkjet bioprinters, which
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in vitro constructs. These developments in vascularized allowed living cells to be printed in droplets. Although

Volume 10 Issue 3 (2024) 96 doi: 10.36922/ijb.1727