Page 157 - IJB-10-3

International Journal of Bioprinting 3D bone: Current & future

urogenital, gastrointestinal, respiratory, pharyngeal, and respectively. Induced pluripotent stem cells are stem cells
21
thyroid glands. The mesoderm contributes to most circular that can be produced directly from somatic cells. 21,23-25
skeletal systems and the kidneys. The ectoderm forms the MSCs are a type of stem cell commonly found in the
dermis of the skin, the nervous system, tooth enamel, adult body (e.g., in the umbilical cord, bone marrow,
dental cement, dentin, the epithelium of the esophagus, and adipose tissue) and can differentiate into cells from
the lens of the eye, and the cornea. Upon differentiation, a variety of tissues, such as bones (i.e., via osteogenesis),
23
these multipotent adult stem cells can no longer be used to cartilages (i.e., via chondrogenesis), and the bone marrow
develop stem cells of other tissues. In contrast, oligopotent (Figure 6). MSCs initially adopt a specific differentiation
8
and unipotent stem cells (e.g., osteoprogenitor cells) refer pathway, forming transitional osteoblasts in bones and
to the differentiation into a few types and one type of cells, transitional chondrocytes in cartilages. These transition

Figure 6. Cells involved in bone generation. This figure was created using BioRender.

Volume 10 Issue 3 (2024) 149 doi: 10.36922/ijb.2056