Page 159 - IJB-10-3

International Journal of Bioprinting 3D bone: Current & future

Table 3. Continued...
Ossification Cells Signaling molecules Effect of signals Gene markers
(i.e., growth factors
and cytokines)
Endochondral Osteochondral MSCs SOX9, Twist1, WNTs Differentiation Selective markers: RUNX2 (Cbfa-1), SOX9
Selectively unexpressed markers: COL1A1, COL1A2,
HAS2, HAS3
Expressed markers: CCN2, CDH2 (N-cadherin),
CHAD, CTNNB1 (Catnb), DPP6, DPT
(Dermatopontin), FGF10, FGFR2 (Fgfr-2), FN1
(Fn-1), GDF5, GREM1 (Grem), HOXA10, HOXD8,
ITGA1, KLK10, LHX2 (Lim2), LHX9, LMX1B
(LMX1.1), LRP5, MATN3, NDNF, NIPBL, NKX3-1,
NKX3-2 (Bapx1), OGN (Osteoglycin), PAMR1,
PCDH8, PLOD1, PTCH1, RARG (RARgamma2),
SLC35E3, SOX11, SOX9, TGFB1, TGFB2 (Tgfb-2),
TGFBR2 (TbetaRII), TNC (tenascin-C), TWIST1
(Twist), ZFP521, 4930555G01RIK
Osteochondroprogenitor FGF18 Proliferation Selective markers: EZH2, RUNX2 (Cbfa-1), SOX9,
cells TAZ
BMPs, EZH2 Differentiation Selectively unexpressed markers: HOXA2, HOXA3,
HOXB4, PPARG (PPAR-gamma)
Twist1, WNTs Inhibition of Expressed markers: COL2A1, DLX5, DLX6, FGFR2
differentiation (Fgfr-2), PAX1, PAX9, PKD1, TGFBR2 (TbetaRII),
TWIST1 (Twist)
Chondroblasts IHH Proliferation Selective markers: NCAM1 (Ncam), SOX5, SOX6,
SOX9, TNC (tenascin-C)
Expressed markers: CDH2 (N-cadherin), DLX5,
DLX6, FGFR3, IGF1, PKD1, PTCH1, PTHLH
(Pthrp)
Chondrocytes IHH, SOX5, SOX6, Proliferation Selective markers: ACAN, COL2A1, COL11A1,
SOX9 COL11A2, COMP, HAPLN1 (Crtl1), MATN1
(Crtm), NKX3-2 (Bapx1), PTH1R (Pthr1), PTHLH
FGF18 Cell cycle arrest (Pthrp), SOX5, SOX6, SOX9
Selectively unexpressed marker: IHH
SOX9 Differentiation Expressed markers: ATF2, EVC, FGFR3, NOG,
PKD1, PTCH1, SMO
NOG Inhibition of
differentiation

Pre-hypertrophic IHH, RUNX2/Cbfa-1 Differentiation Selective markers: ACAN, COL10A1, COL2A1,
chondrocytes COMP, IHH, MATN1 (Crtm), PTH1R (Pthr1),
PTHLH (Pthrp), RUNX2 (Cbfa-1), RUNX3 (Cbfa3)
Expressed markers: ALPL (Akp-2), DLX5, DLX6,
FGFR3, HAPLN1 (Crtl1)
Hypertrophic chondrocytes IHH, RUNX2/Cbfa-1 Differentiation Selective markers: COL10A1, IHH, PTH1R (Pthr1),
PTHLH (Pthrp), RUNX2 (Cbfa-1), RUNX3 (Cbfa3),
SPP1 (BSPI)
VEGF Uncategorized Selectively unexpressed markers: SOX5, SOX6, SOX9
Expressed markers: DLX5, DLX6, MAF (c-maf),
MMP13, MMP14, VEGFA
Terminal chondrocytes RUNX2/Cbfa-1, Uncategorized Selective markers: MAF (c-maf), MMP13, MMP14,
VEGF RUNX2 (Cbfa-1)
Expressed markers: SPP1 (BSPI), VEGFA
(Continued)

Volume 10 Issue 3 (2024) 151 doi: 10.36922/ijb.2056