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International Journal of Bioprinting 3D bone: Current & future
Table 3. Continued...
Ossification Cells Signaling molecules Effect of signals Gene markers
(i.e., growth factors
and cytokines)
Endochondral Cranial neural crest cells SHH, SOX10, FGF8, Differentiation Selective markers: SOX10, B3GAT1, BARX1, FRZB
FGF9, BMP4 (Sfrp3), GEMIN2, HAND2, LHX6, LHX8 (Lhx7),
MSX1 (Hox7), MSX2 (Hox8), PITX1 (Ptx1),
PTCH1, SATB2, SOX9, TFAP2A (AP2alpha)
Selectively unexpressed marker: HOXA2
Expressed markers: AP3D1, COL1A2, DLX1,
DLX2, DLX3, DLX4, DLX5, DLX6, EZH2, FBLN5
BMP4, ET1, FGF8, Uncategorized (Fibulin 5), FOXC1 (Mf1), FOXC2, FOXD1 (BF-2),
miR452 FOXD2, FOXF1 (HFH-8), FOXF2 (forkhead box
F2), HAPLN1 (Crtl1), LIX1, LMAN1, MARVELD1,
MIR129, MIR149, MIR18, MIR184, MIR185,
MIR214, MIR290A, MIR292, MIR296, MIR299A,
MIR30A, MIR320, MIR341, MIR342, MIR346,
MIR351, MIR370, MIR376B, MIR376C, MIR423,
MIR429, MIR452, MIR468, MIR483, MIRLET7A-1,
MIRLET7B, MIRLET7E, MRC2, NOG, NRP2
(Npn2), PAX3 (splotch), PF4, SLC39A7, SPRY1,
STEAP1, TNFAIP6, TNFRSF19 (Troy), TSPAN14,
WNT1, WNT5A
Osteochondroprogenitor FGF18 Proliferation Selective markers: EZH2, RUNX2 (Cbfa-1), SOX9,
cells TAZ
BMPs, EZH2 Differentiation Selectively unexpressed markers: HOXA2, HOXA3,
HOXB4, PPARG (PPAR-gamma)
Twist1, WNTs Inhibition of Expressed markers: COL2A1, DLX5, DLX6, FGFR2
differentiation (Fgfr-2), PAX1, PAX9, PKD1, TGFBR2 (TbetaRII),
TWIST1 (Twist)
Immature/pre-osteoblasts BMP2, IGF1, IHH, Differentiation Selective markers: COL1A1, COL1A2, SP7 (Osx),
RUNX2/Cbfa-1 ALPL (Akp-2), IGF1R (IGF-1R), MSX2 (Hox8),
POSTN (Osf2), PTH1R (Pthr1), RUNX2 (Cbfa-1),
BMP4 Uncategorized SATB2, SPARC, TNC (tenascin-C)
Selectively unexpressed markers: HOXA2, SOX9
Expressed markers: FGF18, PTCH1, TAZ, TWIST1
(Twist)
Mature osteoblasts ALF4, BMP2, IHH, Differentiation Selective markers: COL1A1, COL1A2, SP7 (Osx),
RUNX2/Cbfa-1, ALPL (Akp-2), BGLAP (OC), DCN, IBSP (BSP),
SATB2 IGF1R (IGF-1R), PTH1R (Pthr1), RUNX2 (Cbfa-1),
SATB2, SPP1 (BSPI)
Selectively unexpressed markers: HOXA2, SOX9
Expressed markers: ATF4, BMP2 (Bmp2a), BMP4,
FGFR2 (Fgfr-2), FN1 (Fn-1), IGF1, MSX2 (Hox8),
PTCH1, TAZ, VTN (Vitronectin)
Osteocytes FGF18, BMP2 Uncategorized Selective markers: SP7 (Osx), MSX2 (Hox8), SPARC,
SPP1 (BSPI)
Expressed markers: ATF4, FGFR2 (Fgfr-2), FN1
(Fn-1), MEPE, VTN (Vitronectin)
Volume 10 Issue 3 (2024) 152 doi: 10.36922/ijb.2056
