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           6. The Opportunities and Challenges of                 with BMP-7, autologous bone graft and hydroxyapatite
           Physical Stimulations                                  pellets. Injury, 47: S71–S77. https://doi.org/10.1016/

           Physical stimulations have been demonstrated to be     j.injury.2016.07.044
           effective in promoting bone repair. It is urgently require   5.   Schwartz A M, Schenker M L, Ahn J, et al., 2017, Building
           further systematic investigations to find the underlying   better bone: The weaving of biologic and engineering
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           for the application in bone repair. Bone is a dynamic   6.   Shuai C, Feng P,  Wu P,  et al., 2016, A combined
           tissue composed of several cell types such as osteocytes,   nanostructure constructed by graphene and boron nitride
           osteoblasts, osteoclasts and bone mesenchymal stem     nanotubes reinforces ceramic scaffolds.  Chemical
           cells. The cells play an important role in maintaining   Engineering Journal, 313: 487–497. https://doi.org/10.1016/
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           focus on the bone formation by osteoblasts. Therefore,
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           bioeffects of physical stimulations on various cells,   with tunable properties: Towards bone tissue repair.
           and the mutual regulation between cells under physical   Advanced Science, 1700817: 1–15.
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           Acknowledgements
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           This work was supported by the following funds: (1)   9.   Yang F, Wang J, Hou J, et al., 2013, Bone regeneration using
           The Natural Science Foundation of China (51575537,     cell-mediated responsive degradable PEG-based scaffolds
           81572577, 51705540); (2) Hunan Provincial Natural      incorporating with rhBMP-2. Biomaterials, 34(5): 1514–
           Science Foundation of China (2016JJ1027); (3) The      1528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.10.058
           Project of Innovation-driven Plan of Central South
           University (2016CX023); (4) The Open-End Fund for   10.  Rumpler M, Woesz A, Manjubala I, et al., 2010, Three-
           the Valuable and Precision Instruments of Central South   dimensional growth behavior of osteoblasts on biomimetic
           University; (5) The fund of the State Key Laboratory of   hydroxylapatite scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A, 81(1):
           Solidification Processing in NWPU (SKLSP201605); (6)   40–50. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.30940
           National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents   11.  Zhang H, Ahmad M, Gronowicz G, 2003, Effects of
           (BX201700291); (7) The Project of State Key Laboratory   transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-1) on in vitro
           of High Performance Complex Manufacturing; (8) The     mineralization of human osteoblasts on implant materials.
           Project of Hunan Provincial Science and Technology     Biomaterials, 24(12): 2013–2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/
           Plan (2017RS3008).                                     S0142-9612(02)00616-6
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