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Shuai C, et al.

al. [120,121] investigated the effects of 30 mT static magnetic healing phase of canine mid-tibia osteotomy model.
field on the bone mineral density of ovariectomized rat The results revealed that the stimulation of 1h/day for 8
model under whole body exposure. The results indicated weeks significantly increased the new bone formation
that bone mineral density was significantly increased and mechanical strength. Zaki et al. [126] researched
after 12 weeks because static magnetic field increased the effectiveness of pulse electromagnetic field on the
the level of locomotor activity in rats model. Besides, the fractures healing of patients at different treatment stages.
bone mass was also higher than control group. Puricelli The results showed that pulse electromagnetic field
et al. [122,123] assessed the effect of the magnetized metal significantly accelerated the bone healing of patients
device on the femur cavity of rats. The results showed at 12 weeks who were continued subjecting to pulse
that the 4.1 mT magnetic field accelerated the bone electromagnetic field treatment compared with control
formation compared with control group on days 15, group which only treated with plaster cast, and the late
45, 60 after the implantation, thereby enhancing the treatment group which received pulse electromagnetic
bone healing. Leesungbok et al. [124] compared the field treatment after the cast was removed also
bone formation ability of titanium implant with or increased the osteocalcin level, indicating that the pulse
without magnets in a rabbit tibia. The results showed electromagnetic field could enhance the fracture healing.
that the titanium implants with magnet enhanced early 4.2 In vivo Studies of Electric Stimulation
implant bone formation compared with without magnet
implants. It was worth noting that static magnetic field Bone tissue would respond to electrical stimulation
combined with magnetic nanocomposite scaffolds signals which produced by various electric currents,
consisting of polymer and magnetic nanoparticles could thereby generating a series of biochemical reactions
combine the advantages of them in bone repair. Yun et which were conducive to bone repair. El-Hakim et
al. [66] investigated the effects of static magnetic field al. [127] investigated the effects of direct current of 10 A
synergized with magnetic scaffolds on osteoblastic on mandibular distraction osteogenesis of adult goats
functions of mouse calvarium. The results showed that in different distraction periods. The results showed
static magnetic field combined with magnetic scaffolds that direct current played a positive role on mandibular
significantly enhanced the new bone formation after distraction osteogenesis when it was applied to the
exposure 6 weeks (Figure 5). Inoue et al. [125] investigated distraction areas during activation and consolidation
the effects of pulse electromagnetic field on late bone periods. Fredericks et al. [128] reported that the direct

Figure 5. Effects of static magnetic field and PCL/MNP (magnetic nanoparticle) scaffolds on bone regeneration of calvarial defect in
mouse after 6 weeks of implantation .
[66]
International Journal of Bioprinting (2018)–Volume 4, Issue 2 9