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International Journal of Bioprinting Biomaterials with antibacterial agents

that attach to fibroblasts to promote their activity and dressings that could improve wound healing by specifically
proliferation, as well as to enhance the formation of promoting angiogenesis. In the context of utilizing
collagen. Additionally, Zhang et al. studied human biomaterial for wound healing, fish collagen has been
umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) with combined with bioactive glass loaded with copper/cobalt
the objective of applying an in situ injectable hydrogel ions to form a microfibrous mat for treating diabetic lesions
made of collagen type-I (Col) and sodium alginate (SA) for in in vivo rabbit models. In combination, these materials
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wound healing. Through increased cell proliferation, re- are capable of enhancing the angiogenesis mechanism
epithelialization potential, collagen deposition, and tissue through enhanced interaction between these materials and
remodeling, SA/Col hydrogel loaded with hUC-MSCs induction of transcription of several pro-angiogenic genes
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was shown to considerably enhance wound closure. Also, by stabilizing hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF1). In the
the scaffold can mitigate inflammation as well as promote course of chronic wound healing, this scaffold could boost
angiogenesis by secreting more proangiogenic molecules wound closure, angiogenesis, and the creation of ECM. On
including transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β1) and the other hand, Tan et al. investigated a novel composite
vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The ability biomaterial for the treatment of diabetic wounds created
to release pro-regenerative cytokines is regarded as the in a model of rats. Collagen-binding domain and VEGF
primary biological feature of mesenchymal stem cells were combined to develop a collagen scaffold (as CBD-
that underpins their ability to trigger wound healing, VEGF) that allowed for the steady and gradual release
as confirmed by Pittenger et al. In another study, Kim of VEGF. These are important pro-angiogenic factors
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et al. investigated the impact of soluble silkworm gland that are essential for the healing of wounds. This study
hydrolysate (SSGH) combined with human collagen on rat demonstrated that the CBD-VEGF scaffold boasted an
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models of wound. SSGH/collagen scaffolds were found increased rate of angiogenesis, which was conducive to
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to accelerate wound healing, when compared to control cell migration and wound closure. In another study of
groups, by leveraging the fibroblast-proliferating and pro-angiogenic qualities, Long et al. connected CBD-
apoptosis-inhibiting features. This is achieved by enabling SDF-1α (also referred to as cell-derived factor 1α) and
cells to produce vital growth factors, which in turn increase a fusion protein known for its role in homing signals to
capillary and fibroblast proliferation. 69 endothelial progenitor cells, or EPCs, to the CBD-VEGF
fusion protein. A dual functional scaffold (CBD-SDF-
4.3. Promoting angiogenesis 1α and CBD-VEGF) administration showed accelerating
Angiogenesis, referring to the formation of new blood diabetic wound healing, as demonstrated by an in vivo test
vessels from preexisting vessels, is a vital phase in wound conducted on diabetic rat wound models. With all factors
healing. The wound healing process is driven and considered, this scaffold can definitely aid in angiogenesis,
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supported by oxygen, necessary nutrients, and bioactive vessel repair, and diabetic wound healing process.
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compounds that are supplied to the wound site by these
newly created blood vessels. The aberrant growth factor 4.4. Infection control
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secretion pattern in chronic wounds causes a severe Wound healing process may take longer time in the
impairment to angiogenesis, which in turn leads to the absence of the usual clinical signs of infection. The number
creation of defective granulation tissue and prevents of bacteria or species present, the host immune response,
wound healing from advancing to the proliferative phase. the pathogenicity of the organisms, and the synergistic
The release of VEGF plays a huge role in the angiogenesis interactions between various species all play a role in
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mechanism. Low-oxygen circumstances known as hypoxia the progression from wound colonization to infection.
or other endogenous cues elicit cellular secretion of VEGF The most accurate way to diagnose wound infections is
during the initiation and signaling phases. Furthermore, through clinical means. Microbiological investigations are
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interleukin (IL)-1α and IL-1β control angiogenesis crucial for the management of clinically infected wounds
and vascular permeability through signal transduction that do not improve with standard care, as well as for
wounds that do not heal despite showing signs of clinical
pathways, frequently working in concert to enhance these infection because they may be locally infected or severely
processes. Endothelial cells at the arteries are activated colonized. 85,86 People who suffer from several inflammatory,
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during this process when they migrate through the ECM autoimmune, and hereditary skin disorders that impair
toward the wound site under the guidance of the angiogenic the skin’s capacity to function as an infection barrier are
factor gradient. 80
also more likely to have reduced skin integrity. These
Promoting angiogenesis is an important aspect of the conditions include dermatitis, psoriasis, and eczema.
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wound healing process, particularly for DFU. Numerous The typical clinical signs and symptoms of infection in a
investigations have been carried out to develop wound wound include increased pain and exudates, which may

Volume 10 Issue 4 (2024) 95 doi: 10.36922/ijb.3372