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International Journal of Bioprinting Biomaterials with antibacterial agents

Table 3. (Continued...)
Functional materials Antibacterial Outcomes Mechanism References
compounds
Poly (lactic -co-glycolic acid) Sinorporphyrin Reduce the growth of bacteria and Antibacterial and antimicrobial 128
(PLGA) / Basic fibroblast growth sodium raise the levels of ROS in S. aureus. resistance. The high chelating activity
factor (BFGF) / Carboxymethyl of chitosan inhibits the synthesis of
chitosan (CMCS) toxins and microbial development
by binding essential metal ions that
are incorporated in the cell wall
molecules of microorganisms
Agarose (Ag) / Tannic acid (TA) / TA / Fe III Capable of efficiently eliminating Controlled infection by reducing the 129
Fe III around 99% of bacteria with 10 min bacterial inhibitory zone
of NIR.
Zinc imidazolate framework 8 (ZIF- Zn 2+ Reduce the adherence of harmful Antibacterial resistance. The 130
8) / Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) microbes by unique reentrant hydrophilic polymer networks of ZIF-
structure of the omniphobic 8 allow the scaffold to encapsulate and
membrane. discharge antibacterial components.
HA / PDA / Chitin Ag / Gentamicin Exhibit a highly effective capacity Antibacterial resistance. Gentamicin 131
for disinfecting bacteria through and AgNPs cooperate to kill bacteria
synergy. by interfering with their ability to
synthesize proteins and attacking
them through their distinct surfaces,
displaying synergistic antibacterial
property.
Zein/ethyl cellulose (Zein/EC) Protoporphyrin Gram-negative bacteria (P. Antibacterial resistance. Bacteria 132
(PPIX) aeruginosa) were more substantially decompose when their major
inhibited than Gram-positive chemical linkages, such as O-P, C-H,
bacteria (S. aureus). O-H, and N-H bonds, are broken
by oxygen-free radicals produced by
composite membranes loaded with
PPIX.
Methylcellulose (MC) / Manuka MH/BG Cu-doped B3 BG in MC-MH foam Antimicrobial resistance. Manuka 133
honey (MH) / Bioactive glass (BG) exhibits decreasing relative viability honey helps inhibit microbes in
of E. coli. the dual release mechanism, and
copper ions from the bioactive glass
strengthen the antibacterial impact.
Abbreviations: IL-1β, Interleukin-1 beta; IL-6, Interleukin 6; NIR, near-infrared radiation; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor
alpha; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor beta; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.

that, other anaerobic bacteria also play key roles in chronic wound exudate, producing beneficial byproducts such
wound healing. 50 as short-chain fatty acids and hydrogen peroxide. These
Certain bacteria species live naturally on the skin byproducts create an acidic environment that inhibits the
53
and mucous membranes, as part of the body’s regular growth of pathogenic bacteria and promotes tissue repair.
flora. These bacteria compete for nutrients and space, Some bacteria, particularly certain strains of Enterococcus
preventing hazardous pathogens from colonizing wounds and Streptococcus, generate collagenases, which degrade
and lowering the risk of infection. The normal flora of the collagen in the ECM. While high collagenase activity can
skin, primarily consisting of bacteria like S. epidermidis be hazardous, regulated collagen degradation can aid in
54
and Corynebacterium species, creates a barrier against tissue remodeling and wound closure.
pathogenic invaders. Furthermore, certain bacteria Pathogenic infection is one of the detrimental factors
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in the normal flora, such as Propionibacterium acnes, that require our utmost attention. Wounds can become
can stimulate the immune system and promote wound infected with pathogenic bacteria such as S. aureus and P.
healing. They induce the release of cytokines and growth aeruginosa. These pathogens can impede wound healing
factors that aid in tissue repair and regeneration. On the by causing inflammation, tissue damage, and delaying
52
other hand, bacteria like Lactobacillus species can ferment normal healing process. Another consequence of tissue
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Volume 10 Issue 4 (2024) 92 doi: 10.36922/ijb.3372