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International Journal of Bioprinting Biomaterials with antibacterial agents

Figure 3. The mode of actions and mechanisms of antibacterial drugs. The figure was created with BioRender.com. Abbreviation: LPS, lipopolysaccharide.

additively manufactured biomaterials and discusses the in depth. Each of these approaches has advantages and
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role of active anti-pathogenic surface modifications in the disadvantages, and the choice is influenced by factors such
inhibition or control of infections. In addition, studies as the individual biomaterial, the desired release kinetics,
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on encapsulation of active agents reflect the increasing and the antibacterial compound’s stability. Biomaterials
demand for therapeutics with higher efficiency and can be endowed with antibacterial properties using these
specificity. It involves encapsulating antibacterial agents integration approaches, which improve their performance
within a matrix or coating to provide controlled release and and safety in a variety of applications.
prolonged efficacy. The common encapsulation techniques
including microencapsulation (antibacterial compounds 3.1. Role of bacterial species in wound healing
are encapsulated within microspheres or nanoparticles, The skin barrier defends the human body from the
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which are then dispersed within or coated onto the invasion of foreign and harmful microorganisms.
biomaterial matrix), nanocapsules (nano-sized capsules The bacterial colonization of the skin is also highly
are formed using biocompatible polymers, entrapping influenced by anatomical site, as indicated by varied
the antibacterial agents, and facilitating their controlled microbial communities inhabiting in different epidermal
release), and hydrogel encapsulation (antibacterial topographical niches. Bacterial species found in chronic
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compounds are incorporated into hydrogel matrices, wounds interact with the host’s immune system and
which can be applied as coatings or incorporated directly wound milieu in a variety of ways, impacting the healing
into the biomaterial structure). 46 process. It plays both beneficial and detrimental roles in

Covalent bonding is the chemical process that wound healing, depending on various factors such as the
connects antibacterial chemicals to the surface of a type of bacteria present and the state of the wound. While
biomaterial, resulting in a strong and long-lasting some bacteria causes inflammation and tissue damage,
adhesion. The biomaterial surface can be functionalized others form symbiotic partnerships with host cells,
with reactive groups such as –NH , and –COOH, then promoting tissue healing and angiogenesis. Two major
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can be covalently bonded with antibacterial compounds groups of bacteria, namely Gram-positive bacteria (such as
via chemical reactions such as amidation, esterification, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis) and
or click chemistry. The significance of surface features in Gram-negative bacteria (such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
cell function has been investigated by Drobota et al., who Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter species, and
discussed innovative surface modification methodologies Morganella species), are involved would healing. Besides

Volume 10 Issue 4 (2024) 90 doi: 10.36922/ijb.3372